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Article

Application of Multilayer Evidence for Annotation of C-Terminal BRCA2 Variants

by
Henriett Butz
1,2,3,†,
János Papp
1,2,†,
Anikó Bozsik
1,2,
Lilla Krokker
2,3,
Tímea Pócza
1,
Edit Oláh
1 and
Attila Patócs
1,2,3,*
1
Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
2
Hereditary Cancers Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
3
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cancers 2021, 13(4), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040881
Submission received: 31 December 2020 / Revised: 9 February 2021 / Accepted: 15 February 2021 / Published: 20 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Long Journey into BRCA1/2 Genes Goes On: The Emerging Landscape in BRCA-Mediated Tumors)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

The potential pathogenic role of germline BRCA2 c.9976A>T and c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT was evaluated in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) patients by investigating 2491 probands and verified in an independent cohort of 122,209 patients. Although the c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT variant was more prevalent among patients compared to control populations, no increased risk for cancer was found. No association between c.9976A>T and clinicopathological parameters or elevated risk for HBOC cases was detected. However, lung cancer was more prevalent in families carrying c.9976A>T compared to pathogenic BRCA1/BRCA2 carrier families. An increased frequency of pancreatic cancer was found in families where c.9976A>T occurred together with other pathogenic BRCA1 variants. The C-terminal stop codon variants showed no association with other pathogenic BRCA2 variants. No loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumor tissue and no allelic imbalance in RNA level were confirmed. The c.9976A>T variant may be considered as a potential risk for lung cancer, and a potential modifying factor in pancreatic cancer when it occurs along with the pathogenic BRCA1 variant, although this observation should be validated in a larger sample cohort.

Abstract

The clinical relevance of the BRCA2 C-terminal stop codon variants is controversial. The pathogenic role of the germline BRCA2 c.9976A>T and c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT variants in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) patients was evaluated. An association with clinicopathological parameters was performed in 2491 independent probands diagnosed with HBOC and in 122,209 cancer patients reported earlier. Loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) in tumor samples and allelic imbalance in RNA extracted from peripheral blood cells were investigated. Neither c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT or c.9976A>T variants showed significant association with clinicopathological parameters or elevated risk for HBOC-associated tumors. Lung cancer was more prevalent in families carrying the c.9976A>T variant compared to pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 carrier families. An increased prevalence of pancreatic cancer was found in families where c.9976A>T occurred together with other pathogenic BRCA1 variants. An increased risk for familial pancreatic, lung and upper aero-digestive tract cancers was confirmed in the validation set. Regarding BRCA2 C-terminal variants, no linkage with other pathogenic BRCA2 variants, no LOH in tumor tissue and no allelic imbalance in RNA level were confirmed. The c.9976A>T variant may be considered as a potential risk for lung cancer, and a potential modifying factor in pancreatic cancer when it occurs along with the pathogenic BRCA1 variant, although this observation should be validated in a larger sample cohort.

1. Introduction

In the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) classification system stop codon (truncation) variants are usually considered to be pathogenic/likely pathogenic [1]. Additionally, stop codon variants of the BRCA2 gene are frequent among all pathogenic variants, leading to a significant increase in the risk of breast and ovarian cancer. However, damaging variants of the C-terminal of the BRCA2 gene have not been investigated or are not considered pathogenic due to Evidence-based Network for the Interpretation of Germline Mutant Alleles (ENIGMA) classification [2]. Among their criteria, they suggest that “a variant predicted to disrupt expression only of protein sequence downstream of position 3325 would be considered unlikely to be clinically important. Further functional and clinical studies are underway to refine risk, if any, for predicted nonsense or frameshift variants downstream of position 3326”. The BRCA2 protein has multiple roles besides the well-known DNA double-stranded break repair by homologous recombination, such as maintaining genome stability, including DNA replication, telomere homeostasis and cell cycle progression [3]. These functions have been investigated by different assays but not all functions are available for exploration due to either technical or study limitations. The C-terminal of the BRCA2 protein contains interaction sites of RAD51 and multiple phosphorylation sites affecting their function [4,5,6]. While, among these, S3291 probably has the highest impact in the BRCA2–RAD51 interaction, a protein sequence of amino acids 3265–3330 of the BRCA2 protein was also reported to bind RAD51 [4,5,6]. Additionally, a serine at the position of 3397 located more terminally from c.9976A>T (K3326*) is also a phosphorylation site, the function of which has been poorly investigated (https://www.phosphosite.org (accessed on 30 December 2020)). Furthermore, the interaction of the BRCA2 C-terminal with RAD51 may be less significant for homology-directed repair (HDR) than for the protection of stalled replication forks, a relatively newly discovered and HDR-independent function of BRCA2 [7]. Stalled replication fork degradation occurs due to MRE11 nuclease in the lack of BRCA2-mediated fork protection, in which its C-terminus has an essential role [7]. Although the defect of this function of BRCA2 did not lead to cell survival change, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations was found to be increased [7]. It was suggested that BRCA2 protein defective in maintaining fork stability and still proficient in HDR would be insensitive to Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which specifically exploit the defect of double-strand repair [7].
Previous literature data regarding the clinical relevance of BRCA2 c.9976A>T C-terminal stop codon variants have remained controversial, suggesting either a potential pathogenic role [8,9,10] or no clinical significance [11,12,13]. The BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant results in a stop codon at amino acid position 3326. Initially, it was considered pathogenic due to its nonsense coding nature, however, it was reclassified as non-pathogenic based on case–control studies [11]. Among previously published literature, breast cancer risk was elevated for BRCA2 c.9976A>T carriers when compared to a control population in three reports [9,14,15]. Studies investigating only ovarian cancer patients, except of Stafford et al. (2017) [16], showed similar odds ratios (ORs). Interestingly, among familial pancreatic, lung and upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancer patients, c.9976A>T carrier status was associated with increased risk for developing cancer [8,10,17].
Using basic classification rules, the c.10095delins GAATTATATCT variant, due to its nature (a combination of a deletion and an insertion leading to frame shift and consequently a premature stop codon, Figure S1), can be regarded as pathogenic. However, due to its localization (terminal from 3326 position), it is usually considered as a benign variant. Indeed, in ClinVar database, 11 of the 15 entries interpreted this variant as benign/likely benign and four submitters considered it as a variant with unknown significance (VUS). Additionally, of the 11 studies reporting c.10095delins GAATTATATCT, the vast majority considered it as a VUS [18,19,20] or clinically not important [21] in breast/ovarian cancer patients, and a VUS in familial pancreatic cancer [22], while it was interpreted as benign in ovarian cancer patients [23]. Interestingly, in a study prioritizing variants in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genes in patients lacking known BRCA mutations, the c.10095delins GAATTATATCT variant was categorized as likely pathogenic based on co-segregation analysis (likelihood ratio 3.71) [24].
Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of BRCA2 C-terminal stop codon variants among our breast/ovarian cancer patients sent to germline BRCA1/2 gene testing and their co-segregation with clinicopathological parameters and study the loss of heterozygosity and allelic imbalance. An extensive literature review of an additional 122,209 cancer patients was also performed to assess the effects of the c.9976A>T variant on cancer risk.

2. Results

2.1. Frequency and Characteristics of BRCA2 Terminal Stop Codon Variants in Breast Cancer Patients

Out of 2491 independent breast/ovarian cancer patients, c.9976A>T and/or c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT stop variants were identified in 49 cases (Figure 1). Among 49 cases, c.9976A>T was detected in 36, c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT in 12 cases and c.9976A>T together with c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT in 1 case. These variants co-occurred with other pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variants (c.9976A>T in five cases (5/37: 13.51%) and c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT in two cases (2/13: 15.38%)) (Table 1). The frequency of double heterozygosity in the investigated population was low: 0.002 (5/2491) and 0.0008 (2/2491) for c.9976A>T and c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT, respectively. Pathogenic BRCA1 with a pathogenic BRCA2 variant in the same patient has not been identified in our cohort (Figure 1).
Age of disease appearance did not differ in terminal stop codon variant carriers compared to pathogenic BRCA2 carriers or BRCA1/2 wild type patients (see Table 2). The Ki67% proliferation index, the prevalence of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) or multiplex HBOC were increased only when the c.9976A>T variant accompanied a pathogenic BRCA1 variant (Table 2).

2.2. Familial Cancer Prevalence in Probands with BRCA2 Terminal Stop Codon Variants

2.2.1. Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) Syndrome-Related Cancers

To assess the effects of the c.9976A>T and c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT variants on cancer risk, standard familial data were obtained from all probands (see Methods). Accordingly, “strong familiarity” was defined by the presence of breast/ovarian cancer before 50 years and/or male breast cancer in the family. Additionally, cases were categorized as “syndromic” when HBOC-related tumors (breast, ovarian, male breast, prostate or pancreatic cancer) occurred in the family of the proband (Table S1).
Expectedly, regarding HBOC-related tumors in the family of probands carrying a pathogenic BRCA1/2 variant, breast and ovarian cancer were more frequent before the age of 50 years, and irrespective of age as well. The prevalence of HBOC-related tumors did not differ in families of c.9976A>T or c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT carrier probands as compared to BRCA1/2 wild type patients (Table 2).
Pancreas and prostate cancers were more common in families with pathogenic BRCA2 variant carrier probands (Table 2, Figure 2). Interestingly, pancreas cancer was also more frequent in double heterozygotes of a BRCA1 pathogenic variant and BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant, suggesting a potential genetic modifier effect (Table 2, Figure 2). The statistical power of this comparison was 78.3%.
Strong familiarity and syndromic familial history were characteristic only for the families of pathogenic BRCA1/2 variant carriers, while families of probands carrying only the BRCA2 C-terminal stop codon did not differ from BRCA1/2 wild type patients’ families regarding HBOC syndrome-related tumor types (breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancer) (Table 2). In addition, pancreatic cancer occurred more frequently in families carrying a pathogenic BRCA1 variant along with BRCA2 c.9976A>T (double heterozygotes) (0.5) compared to wild type (0.04) and pathogenic BRCA1 carrier families (0.06) (Table 2, Figure 2).

2.2.2. Prevalence of Other Cancers

We assessed the frequency of lung, skin, head and neck, hepatocellular and gastric cancer in our cohort. We observed that lung cancer was more common in families of BRCA2 c.9976A>T carrier probands (0.22) when compared to BRCA1/2 wild type (0.13) or pathogenic BRCA1 (0.09) or BRCA2 (0.09) variant carrier families (Table 2, Figure 2). We did not find significant differences in the occurrence of head and neck, gastric or hepatocellular cancer in our families (Table 2, Table S2).

2.3. Functional Evaluation of the Potential Pathogenicity of BRCA2 C-Terminal Stop Codon Variants (Loss Of Heterozygosity, Allelic Imbalance, Minor Allele Frequency)

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the tumor sample of a variant carrier is considered as supporting evidence for pathogenicity according to the ACMG guidelines. Therefore, we tested LOH in c.9976A>T carrier cases where c.9976A>T occurred without any other pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant and where a tumor sample was available. In 26 tumor tissue–blood (somatic vs. germline) pairs, we did not confirm LOH in any of the tumor specimens.
We also investigated if C-terminal stop codon variants influence allelic stability in three samples. By cDNA sequencing, we did not find difference in allelic expression between wild type and variant-carrier strands in c.9976A>T nor c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT cases.
Variant segregation with disease phenotype supports pathogenicity. As, currently, c.9976A>T and c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT are not considered obviously pathogenic variants for HBOC cancers, healthy family members could not be screened for this variant within our national genetic counseling system.
Regarding allelic frequency, we observed a minor allele frequency (MAF) of c.9976A>T as 0.0074 in our proband population that did not differ significantly from those reported for European non-Finnish samples or total MAFs (0.008723 and 0.006468, respectively) based on the gnomAD database.
Determining the prevalence of BRCA2 c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT was challenging because it is a complex variant (a combination of a deletion and insertion), therefore, in different databases, it appears as two distinct variants (e.g., in the gnomAD database: c.10094_10095insGAATTATAT and c.10095_10096insT, leading to frameshift and a premature stop codon), due to different variant-calling algorithms used during variant annotation of next generation sequencing data. (The correct description of the variant is c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT according to Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) nomenclature.) Accordingly, we found that the BRCA2 c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT variant was more prevalent among our patients compared to the control population (0.00261 vs. 0.00047, respectively).
Recently, Higgs et al. reported multiple co-occurrences of the BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant with the pathogenic BRCA2 c.6275_6276delTT (p.(Leu2092ProfsTer7)) frameshift variant in 52 families, while only 1.3-1.7% of the patients carried the BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant alone [7]. Therefore, we investigated if these variants are in linkage in our patient cohort. Surprisingly, we did not detect the BRCA2 c.6275_6276delTT variant in our sample set (2491 probands) at all, including all patients carrying BRCA2 c.9976A>T (Table 1).

2.4. Re-Analysis of BRCA2 c.9976A>T and c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT Variants by Re-Analysis of All Published Data Where These Variants Were Investigated

Due to its indistinct annotation, still, there are literature data regarding the BRCA2 c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT variant (Table 3). Allelic frequency is observed in a wide range (0.00099–0.03846), but in all data sets, it was less than 0.04. Most of the reports interpreted the variant as having unknown significance, but in ovarian cancer, it was described as a benign variant (Table 3).
Because of the controversial literature data regarding the clinical relevance of the BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant, we conducted an extensive literature search and collected all available data. We found 38 studies reporting 122,209 cases investigating BRCA2 gene variants in different cancer types including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, lung, upper aero-digestive system, urinary tract and skin cancers (Table 4). BRCA2 c.9976A>T was available for evaluation in 115,854 cases. Carrier status was reported in 5129 patients of the 115,854 cancer cases. The average minor allele frequency (MAF) of the variant in breast/ovarian cancer patients was 0.0096. Regarding breast cancer cases, the average MAF was 0.0093. In terms of breast and ovarian cancer, odds ratios (ORs) were 0.41–1.53 (Table 4). Among studies investigating only ovarian cancer patients, the ORs were found to be similar, only Stafford et al. (2017) reported a significantly higher OR (OR: 4.95; p = 0.01; four of 48) [16]. In familial pancreatic cancer, lung cancer and upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancer, the carrier status meant a high odds ratio (4.24, 3 and 2.53, respectively) for developing cancer [8,10,17]. In the study of Akbari et al. (2008), c.9976A>T carrier status was associated with a high OR for developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (6.0; 95%CI: 1.3–28; p = 0.01) [27]. In other studies, BRCA2 c.9976A>T carrier status was associated with a moderate risk for cancer (Table 4).
Regarding the pathogenicity of the c.9976A>T variant, the effect of linkage with the BRCA2 c.6275_6276delTT variant has been previously raised. Data of nine studies were available regarding the status of the BRCA2 c.6275_6276delTT variant by analyzing 12,608 patients, including our results (Table 5). In one of the three cohorts reported by Higgs et al. (2015) and in the study by Meeks et al. (2016), increased carrier status of the deleterious variant (25/1576 and 233/306, respectively) besides c.9976A>T was described [13,15]. Excluding these two studies among the remaining 12,232 cancer patients, c.9976A>T and c.6275_6276delTT co-carrier status was reported only in 50 cases (0.4%).

3. Discussion

The clinical relevance of BRCA2 C-terminal stop codon variants remains controversial. The BRCA2 c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT variant located at the 3′ end of the gene is considered to be non-pathogenic based on the ENIGMA classification system. There are literature data regarding its allelic frequency and clinical relevance. Despite its low prevalence in control populations and its relatively higher frequency in breast/ovarian cancer patients, based on our and others’ findings (LOH, allele imbalance, segregation and linkage data), this variant can be considered as clinically non-significant.
BRCA2 c.9976A>T, despite being a truncating variant, is usually classified as non-pathogenic based on case–control studies [11]. Indeed, in our study, the disease onset, tumor proliferation index or other pathological and clinical parameters did not differ in carriers compared to pathogenic BRCA2 carriers or to BRCA1/2 wild type patients. Additionally, we did not find an increased prevalence among carriers or in carrier families for HBOC. The MAF of c.9976A>T is around 1% among patients that also counts against its independent pathogenic role. The lack of genotype–phenotype segregation, lack of LOH and lack of allelic imbalance in patients are all in line with previous literature [11]. However, environmental factor-associated cancers (lung and skin carcinoma) were more frequent in families of the BRCA2 c.9976A>T carrier probands.
In previously published data, breast cancer risk was mildly elevated in BRCA2 c.9976A>T carriers when compared to control populations in three reports [9,14,15]. Studies investigating only ovarian cancer patients, except that of Stafford et al. (2017) [16], showed similar ORs. In the study of Stafford et al., in all cases, the germline c.9976A>T variant coexisted with other deleterious variants in other genes belonging to the BRCA2 pathway. Among familial pancreatic, lung and upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) cancer patients, the c.9976A>T carrier status meant high odds (4.24, 3 and 2.53, respectively) for developing cancer [8,10,17]. In line with this, we observed an increased proportion of pancreatic cancer prevalence in families of double heterozygotes (c.9976A>T with pathogenic BRCA1 variant), however, due to the limited number of cases, this observation should be validated in a larger sample cohort. Additionally, regarding pancreatic cancer, further analysis is subject to bias due to the secondary assessment of datasets. Others also suggested that the concomitant c.9976A>T variant should be considered during genetic counseling for a potentially earlier age of HBOC cancer onset [16,54,55]. In the study of Akbari et al. (2008), c.9976A>T carrier status was associated with a high OR of developing esophageal cancer (6.0; 95%CI: 1.3–28; p = 0.01) [27]. Higgs et al. (2015) also reported multiple co-occurrences of the BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant with the pathogenic BRCA2 c.6275_6276delTT (p.(Leu2092ProfsTer7)) frameshift variant in breast and ovarian cancer patients [13]. The authors concluded that associations of increased cancer risk due to BRCA2 c.9976A>T represented a reporting bias and this was due to the variant being in linkage with BRCA2 c.6275_6276delTT. However, in our patient cohort, neither investigated C-terminal stop codon variant was associated with any pathogenic BRCA2 variant. Hence, we suggest that the linkage of the two BRCA2 variants can be a founder phenomenon in the investigated cohort reported by Higgs et al. [13]. This is supported by other studies too [15], therefore, the reported variant associations may be a population specific-phenomenon representing a founder effect.
Although, based on our findings and previously published data, the BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant alone probably cannot be considered as a risk factor for breast and ovarian cancer, it seems to be associated with other cancer types. Genetic epidemiological evidence suggested that the BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant contributes to the risk of developing familial pancreatic cancer [8] and lung cancer [10,49,51]. Additionally, it was reported that the risk of developing lung cancer is approximately doubled for smokers compared to non-smokers when carrying the c.9976A>T variant [17,49]. Therefore, Wang et al. suggested that this finding may have implications for identifying high-risk ever-smoking subjects for lung cancer screening. Furthermore, it was reported [51] that the c.9976A>T variant was associated with cancers that have strong environmental genotoxic risk factors. Based on functional studies, the authors proposed that the variant protein could probably retain the DNA repair capabilities important to hormone-responsive tissues but it might be less efficient in counteracting genotoxic stress [51]. In line with this, based on associations between this BRCA2 variant and upper aero-digestive tract and lung cancer risk, PARP1 inhibitors were suggested as potential treatment strategies [17,49]. These findings have not been confirmed by functional studies investigating the role of the c.9976A>T variant. Its damaging effects on the protein subcellular localization, cell viability, homology-directed repair (HDR) of double-strand breaks, centrosome amplification or sensitivity to DNA damaging agents [56,57] were not observed. Moreover, it has been suggested that the protein, translated from the variant-carrier transcript, is defective in maintaining fork stability while being still proficient in HDR. Therefore, c.9976A>T carriers may be insensitive to PARP inhibitors, which specifically exploits the defect of double-strand repair [7]. As a consequence, PARP-targeting therapy may not only be ineffective in these cases, but also induce further mutagenesis and genomic instability [7]. All these findings indicate that the clinical value of the use of PARP inhibitors in BRCA2 c.9976A>T carriers should be further investigated.
In summary, the clinical phenotypes associated with C-terminal BRCA2 variants are significantly different from those observed in families with highly penetrant BRCA2 mutations [58,59]. For the expected pathogenic BRCA2 mutation-associated cancer types (including breast, ovarian and prostate cancer), the C-terminal BRCA2 variants have not been found as risk factors [49,59]. However, these variants may be involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic and environmental factor-associated cancers.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Cases: Patients and Relatives

We investigated 2491 independent patients (probands) with breast and/or ovarian cancer sent for germline BRCA1/2 genetic analysis to the Department of Molecular Genetics at the National Institute of Oncology, Hungary between 2014–2019. Only one variant carrier per family, the proband, was included in our analysis. Among them, the BRCA2 C-terminal stop codon variants (LRG_293t1:c.9976A>T and/or c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT) were identified in 49 cases (average age: 43.4±10.1 years; 47 females, 2 males). Estrogen, progesterone, HER2 receptor status, Ki67 proliferation indices and histology were assessed as part of the routine diagnostics. All data were collected from the institutional medical information system. Details (patient characteristics and histology findings) are summarized in Table 1. The study was approved by the Scientific and Research Committee of the Medical Research Council of the Ministry of Health, Hungary (ETT-TUKEB 53720-4/2019/EÜIG). Fisher’s exact test was used to examine the significance of the association (contingency) between phenotype and variant carrier status.
As a part of the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) and the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC), standard phenotypic and epidemiological data collection was applied from 1998 during the study (http://cimba.ccge.medschl.cam.ac.uk/ (accessed on 30 December 2020); http://bcac.ccge.medschl.cam.ac.uk/bcacdata/ (accessed on 30 December 2020)). Details of data collection protocols have been used and reported previously [60,61]. Accordingly, for the analysis of phenotypic and pedigree data, standard questionnaires (one is patient/disease-centered and one for pedigree data) were sent out to all patients in advance. Based on the standard data, acquisition pedigrees were generated. During genetic counseling, data reliability was confirmed by reviewing all medical reports available by practicing clinical geneticists. In the family history analysis, three-generation pedigrees were investigated where only the presence of tumor types were considered (not the number of cases in each family).

4.2. Nucleic Acid Extraction

Germline variants were analyzed using total DNA extracted from peripheral blood using a Gentra Puregene Blood Kit (Cat No.: 158389, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer’s instructions.
A GeneRead DNA FFPE Kit (Cat No.: 180134, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was applied to isolate genomic DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues in an automated way using the QIAcube Instrument (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).
RNA extraction was performed from total blood taken into Tempus™ Blood RNA Tubes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) by a Tempus™ Spin RNA Isolation Kit. RNA quality and quantity were determined by a NanoDrop® 1000 Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

4.3. Genetic Analysis (Sequence and Copy Number Analysis by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification)

Genetic analyses were done as we previously reported [62]. Germline BRCA1/2 variant status was evaluated following library preparation using CE-IVD BRCA MASTR Plus Dx kit (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, United States). Sequencing of the library was run on an Illumina MiSeq Instrument using MiSeq Reagent Kit v2 (500-cycles) (MS-102-2003, Illumina). Data analysis was done by MASTR Reporter software, a comprehensive CE-IVD marked (complies with the European In-Vitro Diagnostic Devices Directive) molecular solution for the identification of coding region variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Copy number analysis was performed by the Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) method using P002 and P239 probe sets for BRCA1, and the P045 probe set for BRCA2 (MRC-Holland, the Netherlands).
Clinical significance of variants was evaluated and interpreted following AMCG/AMG recommendations [1], ENIGMA classification [2] and literature data mining.
The following transcripts were used for variant annotation. BRCA1: LRG_292t1 (NM_007294.3) and BRCA2: LRG_293t1 (NM_000059.3).

4.4. Sanger Validation and LOH Analysis

All germline pathogenic, likely pathogenic and variants of unknown significance (VUSs) were validated by traditional bidirectional Sanger sequencing on an independent blood sample. For loss-of-heterogeneity (LOH) testing, DNA from tumor tissues was used for PCR amplification by a Qiagen Multiplex PCR Kit (Qiagen). PCR product was purified by ExoSAP-IT™ reagents (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States), then purified amplicons were sequenced bidirectionally on an ABI3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using a BigDye™ Terminator v.1.1 kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

4.5. Transcript Allelic Imbalance

Relative expression of the variant carrier and the normal allele was tested with Sanger sequencing. The ratio of electropherograms of the variant position on the cDNA template relative to the gDNA template was calculated. Briefly, cDNA was generated from 500 ng RNA using SuperScript™ IV Reverse Transcriptase (Thermo Fisher Scientific). cDNA primers were designed using Primer3Plus software (https//:primer3plus.com): B2-C-e24_For—GATCCAGACTTTCAGCCATCTT and Rd_B2_Ex27.01_Rev—CGTCGTTTCAGTCTGAGATAATCT. Following PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing, data were visualized in Sequence Scanner software (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific), and the peak ratio of the heterozygote position was given and compared to the peak ratio of the gDNA sequence of the same position for the same sample. The relative ratio was calculated and allelic imbalance was declared if the difference was >50%.

4.6. Statistical Analysis

For both proband characterization and family description, proportions and 95% confidence intervals by a modified Wald method were calculated using GraphPad QuickCalcs (https://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/confInterval1/ (accessed on 30 December 2020)). For statistical analysis, 2 × 2 contingency tables were applied and p values were calculated by Fisher’s exact test. p values were considered statistically significant at <0.05. Statistical power was calculated using the ClinCalc online algorithm (https://clincalc.com/stats/samplesize.aspx (accessed on 30 December 2020)).

5. Conclusions

As a conclusion, our results suggest that among BRCA2 C-terminal stop codon variants, c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT is clinically non-significant. However, the c.9976A>T variant may have different clinical significance compared to the BRCA2 truncating variant before amino acid 3326. It may be considered as a genetic modifying factor in pancreas cancer when it co-occurs with pathogenic BRCA1 variants, although this observation should be validated in a larger sample cohort of double heterozygotes. Additionally, it seems to have an impact on the development of tumor types where environmental factors are significant as a genotoxic stress factor. Therefore, it is suggested to be a non-negligible variant, especially in the risk assessment of environmental cancers. The ACMG “pathogenic” classification is disease-specific. That is, a variant classified as (likely) benign with respect to HBOC still cannot be disregarded in conjunction with other, only loosely associated, diseases or with possible treatment options.
Additionally, our data, in line with a very recent review [63], suggest that collecting disease-specific clinical data regarding C-terminal BRCA2 variants can assist in reducing the number of VUSs, which in turn may help in more precise treatment planning.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/4/881/s1, Table S1: Family history of C-terminal stop codon carrier probands collected from three-generation pedigrees; Table S2: Supplementary Table 2. Fisher’s exact p values of comparison of tumor prevalence in families. Figure S1. Annotation of NM_000059.3(BRCA2):c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT (p.Ser3366Asnfs*4) variant. A: c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT is annotated as two different variants (insertions) in gnomAD: NM_000059.4(BRCA2):c.10095_10096insT (p.Ser3366Ter) and NM_000059.3(BRCA2):c.10094_10095insGAATTATAT (p.Ser3366_Glu3367insAsnTyrIle). B: Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) image of the “two misannotated variants”. The cis allelic position of the c.10094_10095insGAATTATAT and c.10095_10096insT variants are clearly visible on the IGV images of next generation sequencing data from gnomAD pages of both entries; they are always on the same reads of the pile-up IGV track and they were separated into their allelic primitives during variant calling.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.B. and A.P.; methodology, J.P., H.B., A.B., T.P.; formal analysis, H.B., J.P., L.K.; investigation, J.P., H.B.; resources, A.P., E.O.; data curation, J.P.; writing—original draft preparation, H.B.; writing—review and editing, H.B., J.P., A.P., A.B.; supervision, A.P.; funding acquisition, A.P.; E.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research was financed by a Hungarian Scientific Research Grant of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFI FK 135065) to Henriett Butz, National Bionics Program, medical bionics subtheme to Attila Patócs and Thematic Excellence Program (TKP2020-NKA-26). Henriett Butz’s work is supported by the ÚNKP-19-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Scientific and Research Committee of the Medical Research Council of the Ministry of Health, Hungary (ETT-TUKEB 53720-4/2019/EÜIG).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are included in the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Cancers 13 00881 g001 550
Figure 1. Numbers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants identified in our cohort.
Figure 1. Numbers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants identified in our cohort.
Cancers 13 00881 g001
Cancers 13 00881 g002 550
Figure 2. Prostate, pancreatic and lung cancer prevalence in HBOC probands’ families (proportions with ± 95%CI).
Figure 2. Prostate, pancreatic and lung cancer prevalence in HBOC probands’ families (proportions with ± 95%CI).
Cancers 13 00881 g002
Table
Table 1. Patient characteristics harboring BRCA2 C-terminal variants (LRG_292t1:c.9976A>T, p.(Lys3326Ter) and LRG_292t1:c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT, p.(Ser3366AsnfsTer4)).
Table 1. Patient characteristics harboring BRCA2 C-terminal variants (LRG_292t1:c.9976A>T, p.(Lys3326Ter) and LRG_292t1:c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT, p.(Ser3366AsnfsTer4)).
Proband
#GenderBRCA2 C-Terminal VariantPathogenic BRCA1/BRCA2 VariantDisease:1st Breast Cancer2nd Breast CancerOvarian Cancer
Age of onsetERPRHER2Ki67 (%)HistAgeAgeHist
1Fc.9976A>T—sol43posposneg25DUC---
2Fc.9976A>T—sol55posnegnegn.a.DUC---
3Fc.9976A>T—sol48posposnegn.a.DUC---
4Fc.9976A>T—sol47posposneg5DUC---
5Fc.9976A>T—sol31posposneg40DUC---
6Fc.9976A>T—sol68posposneg1DUC---
7Fc.9976A>T—sol57posposneg10DUC---
8Fc.9976A>T—sol36negnegneg40DUC---
9Fc.9976A>T—sol42posposneg70LOB---
10Fc.9976A>T—sol46posposnegn.a.DUC---
11Fc.9976A>T—sol41pospospos10DUC---
12Fc.9976A>T—sol34pospospos67DUC---
13Fc.9976A>T—sol39negnegneg20DUC---
14Fc.9976A>T—sol46posposneg5DUC---
15Fc.9976A>T—sol41posnegneg25DUC---
16Fc.9976A>T—sol46posposnegn.a.DUC---
17Fc.9976A>T—sol44posposnegn.a.DUC---
18Fc.9976A>T—sol38posposneg25DUC---
19Fc.9976A>T—multi33posposneg50DUC-33adenocar-cinoma
20Fc.9976A>T—sol33posposneg25DUC---
21Fc.9976A>T—sol61negnegneg25DUC---
22Fc.9976A>T—sol46negnegpoz10DUC---
23Fc.9976A>T—sol40posnegneg70DUC---
24Fc.9976A>T—multi48posn.a.negn.a.DUC48--
25Fc.9976A>T—sol26pospospos35DUC---
26Fc.9976A>T—sol41posposnegn.a.DUC---
27Fc.9976A>T—sol44posposneg25DUC---
28Fc.9976A>T—sol33posposneg35DUC---
29Fc.9976A>T—sol43posposneg7DUC---
30Mc.9976A>T—sol27n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.DUC---
31Fc.9976A>T—soln.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.-45cystadenoc arcinoma mucinosum
32Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol44posposneg10DUC---
33Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol36negnegneg30DUC---
34Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol55negnegneg50DUC---
35Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol55n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.---
36Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol40posposneg15DUC---
37Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol27posposnegn.a.LOB---
38Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol39posposneg10LOB---
39Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol45posposneg1DUC---
40Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol38posposneg2DUC---
41Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—multi55posposneg20LOB58--
42Fc.9976A>T & c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT—sol41posposnegn.a.DUC---
43Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCTBRCA1 c.5251C>T (p.Arg1751*)soln.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.-36high grade serosus carcinoma
44Fc.9976A>TBRCA1 c.1687C>T (p.Gln563*)sol40pospospos50DUC---
45Fc.9976A>TBRCA1 c.68_69delAG (p.Glu23Valfs*)sol54negnegneg85DUC---
46Fc.9976A>TBRCA1 c.3018_3021del4 (p.His1006Glnfs*17)sol38n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.n.a.---
47Fc.9976A>TBRCA1 c.181T>G (p.Cys61Gly)sol49negnegneg90DUC---
48Mc.9976A>TBRCA2 c.8378G>A (p.Gly2793Glu)sol79posposneg25DUC---
49Fc.10095delinsGAATTATATCTBRCA2 c.7595_7596insTT (p.Ala2534Leufs*18)sol38pozpozn.a.5DUC---
Sol: solitaire (breast or ovarian cancer only); multi: multiple (two breasts or breast and ovarian cancer); ER: estrogen receptor; PR: progesterone receptor; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; Ki67: proliferation index; pos: positive immunohistochemistry; neg: negative immunohistochemistry; DUC: invasive ductal carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ, LOB: invasive lobular carcinoma; n.a.: not available, Hist: histology.
Table
Table 2. Cancer prevalence and tumor characteristics in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) probands and their families (proportions with ± 95%CI).
Table 2. Cancer prevalence and tumor characteristics in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) probands and their families (proportions with ± 95%CI).
Clinicopathological ParameterBRCA1/2 Wild TypePathogenic BRCA1 VariantPathogenic BRCA2 VariantBRCA2 c.9976A>TBRCA2 c.10095delins GAATTATATCTPathogenic BRCA1 + BRCA2 c.9976A>T
Number of probands (n)194730718831104
Age at disease onset (years):
Breast cancer (mean ± SD)43.38 ± 9.3339.48 ± 8.93 a41.93 ± 8.63 b43.1 ± 9.10 b43.4 ± 9.3742.25 ± 7.54
Ovarian cancer (mean ± SD)49.07 ± 13.8548.41 ± 7.9955.3 ± 10.0345.00——
Male breast cancer (mean ± SD)59.74 ± 11.0847.0062.87 ± 8.8227.00——
Multiplex tumors from all patients (proportion (mpx cases/all))0.08 (156/1947)0.2 (60/307) a0.18 (34/188) a0.06 (2/31)0.10 (1/10)0.00 (0/4)
Tumor characteristics:
Ki67 of breast cancer (mean ± SD)30 ± 2558 ± 24 a30 ± 2428 ± 2117 ± 1675 ± 22
ER pos proportion (95%CI)0.70 (0.68–0.72)0.19 (0.15–0.24) a0.78 (0.72–0.84) b0.86 (0.69–0.95) b0.77 (0.44–0.95) b0.33 (0.05–0.79)
PR pos proportion (95%CI)0.64 (0.62–0.66)0.15 (0.11–0.20) a0.67 (0.60–0.74) b0.75 (0.56–0.87)0.77 (0.44–0.94)0.33 (0.05–0.79)
HER2 pos proportion (95%CI)0.24 (0.22–0.26)0.06 (0.04–0.11) a0.10 (0.06–0.16) a0.13 (0.05–0.31)0 (0.00–0.34)0.33 (0.05–0.79)
TNBC proportion (95%CI)0.20 (0.19–0.23)0.75 (0.70–0.80) a0.19 (0.14–0.26) b0.10 (0.03–0.27) b0.22 (0.05–0.55)0.66 (0.20–0.94)
Tumor prevalence in families (proportion (95%CI))
Breast cancer <50 years of age in the family 0.10 (0.09–0.11)0.21 (0.16–0.25) a0.24 (0.18–0.30) a0.16 (0.06–0.33)0.10 (0.00–0.42)0 (0.00–0.54)
Breast cancer at any age in the family0.42 (0.40–0.44)0.61 (0.56–0.66) a0.60 (0.53–0.67) a0.38 (0.24–0.56) b,c0.5 (0.24–0.76)0.25 (0.03–0.71)
Ovarian cancer at any age in the family0.06 (0.05–0.08)0.21 (0.17–0.26) a0.08 (0.05–0.13) b0.06 (0.01–0.21)0 (0.00–0.32)0.25 (0.03–0.71)
Breast and/or ovarian cancer at any age in the family0.47 (0.44–0.49)0.69 (0.63–0.74) a0.65 (0.58–0.72) a0.45 (0.29–0.62) b,c0.5 (0.23–0.76)0.5 (0.15–0.85)
Prostate cancer in the family0.08 (0.07–0.09)0.04 (0.03–0.07) a0.11 (0.07–0.17) b0.06 (0.01–0.21)0.20 (0.05–0.52)0.25 (0.03–0.71)
Pancreatic cancer in the family0.04 (0.03–0.05)0.06 (0.04–0.09)0.10 (0.06–0.15) a0.09 (0.03–0.25)0 (0.00–0.32)0.5 (0.15–0.85) a,b
Lung cancer in the family0.13 (0.12–0.15)0.09 (0.06–0.13)0.09 (0.05–0.14)0.22 (0.11–0.40) b,c0 (0.00–0.32)0 (0.00–0.54)
Skin cancer in the family0.04 (0.03–0.05)0.03 (0.02–0.06)0.03 (0.01–0.07)0.09 (0.02–0.25)0.10 (0.00–0.42)0 (0.00–0.54)
Head and neck cancer in the family0.05 (0.04–0.06)0.05 (0.03–0.08)0.08 (0.05–0.13)0 (0.00–0.13)0 (0.00–0.32)0 (0.00–0.54)
Hepatobiliary cancer in the family0.03 (0.02–0.04)0.03 (0.01–0.05)0.04 (0.02–0.08)0 (0.00–0.13)0 (0.00–0.32)0.25 (0.03–0.71)
Gastric cancer in the family0.08 (0.07–0.09)0.08 (0.06–0.12)0.03 (0.01–0.06)0.09 (0.02–0.25)0.10 (0.00–0.42)0 (0.00–0.54)
TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer. Significance (p < 0.05 based on Fisher’s exact t-test) is indicated by letters, where “a”: compared to wild type; “b”: compared to BRCA1; “c”: compared to BRCA2. Relevant associations with BRCA2 c.9976A>T are highlighted with bold letters.
Table
Table 3. Prevalence of BRCA2 c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT based on literature data.
Table 3. Prevalence of BRCA2 c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT based on literature data.
Cancer TypeReferenceNumber of Probands Screened (Germline)Number of Patients Carrying BRCA2 c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT VariantAllelic Frequency Clinical Interpretation
breast, ovarian cancerMeindl et al. 2002 [20]98930.00303VUS
breast, ovarian cancerRatajska et al. 2008 [18]6420.03125VUS
breast, ovarian cancerMachackova et al. 2008 [19]101010.00099VUS
breast, ovarian cancerCvok et al. 2008 [21]11510.00869clinically not important
breast, ovarian cancerThomassen et al. 2008 ** [25]na1nanot interpreted
breast, ovarian cancerMeisel et al. 2017 **,† [26]52330.00573VUS
ovarian cancerKoczkowska et al. 2016 [23]22*1na *benign
pancreatic cancerHahn et al. 2013 [22]2610.03846VUS
*: Of all samples harboring pathogenic somatic BRCA1/2 variants, 22 were selected for further germline testing, therefore allelic frequency in the investigated cohort cannot be estimated; **: the whole genotype of each sample is not known due to the application of a denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) screening method before sequencing; †: it is not clarified if c.10095delinsGAATTATATCT was detected individually or associated with other pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants. VUS: variant of unknown significance; na: not available.
Table
Table 4. Prevalence and association of BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant with various cancers in 38 studies.
Table 4. Prevalence and association of BRCA2 c.9976A>T variant with various cancers in 38 studies.
Cancer TypeReferenceNumber of Probands ScreenedNumber of Patients Carrying BRCA2 c.9976A>T VariantAllelic Frequency Odds Ratio (OR) (Patients vs. Controls) (Confidence Intervals)
breast, ovarian cancercurrent study2138460.01485na
breast cancerMazoyer et al. 1996 [11]513110.01267OR: 1.01 (0.41–2.48)
breast cancerJohnson et al. 2007 [12] 473110.011628OR: 1.16 (0.79–1.63)
breast cancerBorg et al. 2010 [28] 2103400.00951na
breast cancerMichailidou et al. 2013 [14]10052800.008RR: 1.39 1.39 (1.13–1.71)
breast cancerThompson et al. 2015 [9]2634660.01252OR: 1.53 (1.00–2.34); (p = 0.047)
breast cancerMeeks et al. 2016 [15]410818520.01036OR: 1.28 (1.17–1.40); (p = 5.86 × 10−6)
breast cancer, early onsetKrainer et al.l. 1997 [29]7310.00684na
breast cancer, early onsetMalone et al. 2000 [30]38620.00259na
breast cancer, early onsetBergthorsson et al. 2001 [31]11910.00420na
breast cancer, early onsetHamann et al. 2003 [32]9110.00549na
breast cancer, early onsetMusolino et al. 2007 [33]6630.02272na
breast cancer, early onsetJuwle et al. 2012 [34]5020.01na
breast cancer, early onsetJuwle et al. 2012 [34]5020.02na
breast, ovarian cancerClaes et al. 2003 [35]24980.01606na
breast, ovarian cancerHadjisavvas et al. 2003 [36]2610.01923na
breast, ovarian cancerGiannini et al. 2006 [37]7310.00684na
breast, ovarian cancerSimard et al. 2007 [38]14320.00699na
breast, ovarian cancerBeristain et al. 2007 [39]23610.00211na
breast, ovarian cancerRatajska et al. 2008 [18]6400na
breast, ovarian cancerKuusisto et al. 2011 [40]8210.012OR: 0.41 (0.05–3.24); (p = 0.702)
breast, ovarian cancerCherbal et al. 2012 [41]7910.00632na
breast, ovarian cancerJalkh et al. 2012 [42]7210.00694na
breast, ovarian cancerDobričić et al. 2013 [43]7110.00704na
breast, ovarian cancerHiggs et al. 2015-cohort 1 [13]1850230.00621
breast, ovarian cancerHiggs et al. 2015-cohort 2 [13] 1576not reportednana
breast, ovarian cancerHiggs et al. 2015-cohort 3 [13]1395430.01541
ovarian cancerMazoyer et al. 1996 [11]36170.00969na
ovarian cancerHilton et al. 2002 [44]9210.00543na
ovarian cancerMeeks et al. 2016 [15]145143110.01071OR: 1.26 (1.10–1.43); (p = 3.84 ×10−3)
ovarian cancerStafford et al. 2017 [16]484*0.00416OR: 4.95 (p = 0.01)
male breastHaraldsson et al. 1998 [45]3410.01470na
male breastDing et al. 2011 [46]11520.00869na
male breastEvans et al. 2008 [47]6410.00781na
familial pancreatic cancerMartin et al. 2005 [8]14480.02777OR: 4.24 (p < 0.05)
sporadic pancreatic cancerObazee et al. 2019 [48]2835690.0123OR: 1.78 (1.26–2.52); (p = 0.00119)
lung cancerWang et al. 2014 [49]214352980.01434OR: 1.83 (OR) = 2.47;
(p = 4.74 × 10−20)
lung cancerRudd et al. 2006 [50]1526140.009OR: 1.72 (0.15–2.57); (p = 0.0075)
lung cancerRafnar et al. 2018 [51]4 461nanaOR: 1.54 (1.23–1.91); (p = 0.00012)
incl: small cell lung cancer 800nanaOR: 2.06 (1.35–3.16)
incl: squamous cell
lung carcinoma (SQLC)		 901nanaOR: 1.71 (1.10–2.67); (p = 0.02)
lung squamous cell carcinomaEsai Selvan et al. 2019 [10]318nanaOR: 3.0 (1.4–6.4); (p = 0.0053)
esophageal squamous cell carcinomaAkbari et al. 2008 [27]19790.02284OR: 6.0 (1.3–28);(p = 0.01)
UADT squamous cell carcinomaDelahaye-Sourdeix et al. 2015 [17]59421490.01253OR: 2.53 (1.89–3.38); (p = 3 × 10−10)
bladder cancerGe et al. 2016 [52]3591410.0096OR: 1.70 (1.19–2.42); (p = 0.0036)
renal cell carcinomaGe et al. 2016 [52]1322130.0125OR: 1.60 (0.91–2.82); (p = 0.103)
prostate cancerGe et al. 2016 [52]115180.0076OR: 0.85 (0.41–1.74); (p = 0.647)
squamous cell carcinoma of the skinRafnar et al. 2018 [51] OR: 1.69 (1.26–2.26)
melanomaTuominen et al. 2016 [53]452120.01304OR: 2.80 (1.04–7.58), (p = 0.035)
SQLC: squamous cell lung carcinoma; UADT: upper aero-digestive tract.
Table
Table 5. Studies analyzing linkage of c.9976A>T and c.6275_6276delTT.
Table 5. Studies analyzing linkage of c.9976A>T and c.6275_6276delTT.
StudyNote Number of Cases ScreenedNumber of Cases with BRCA2 c.9976A>T Variant AloneNumber of Cases Carrying BRCA2 c.9976A>T Variant WITH BRCA2 c.6275_6276delTT Variant
(#)(%)
Current study breast, ovarian cancer21384600
Higgs et al. 2015 [13]High-risk breast/ovarian cancer families, Manchester region of North West Englandbreast, ovarian cancer185023180.0097
Research study: familial breast/ovarian cancer cases, North Westbreast, ovarian cancer1576not reported250.0159
Samples from Liverpool (UK), Irish Republic, Finland and Germanybreast, ovarian cancer13954340.0029
Mazoyer et al. 1996 [11] breast cancer5131120.0039
Mazoyer et al. 1996 [11] ovarian cancer361700
Martin et al. 2005 [8] familial pancreatic cancer144800
Akbari et al. 2008 [27] esophageal squamous cell carcinoma197900
Wang et al. 2014 [49]Meta-analysis of 4 lung cancer GWAS studieslung cancer21,4352980/700
Rafnar et al. 2018 [51]Analysis of 3 studieslung cancer4461na00
incl: small cell lung cancer800na00
incl: squamous cell lung carcinoma (SQLC)901na00
Meeks et al. 2016 [15] breast cancer41,081852233/3060.7614
Haraldsson et al. 1998 [45] male breast cancer34010.0294
GWAS: genome wide association study.
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Butz, H.; Papp, J.; Bozsik, A.; Krokker, L.; Pócza, T.; Oláh, E.; Patócs, A. Application of Multilayer Evidence for Annotation of C-Terminal BRCA2 Variants. Cancers 2021, 13, 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040881

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Butz H, Papp J, Bozsik A, Krokker L, Pócza T, Oláh E, Patócs A. Application of Multilayer Evidence for Annotation of C-Terminal BRCA2 Variants. Cancers. 2021; 13(4):881. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040881

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Butz, Henriett, János Papp, Anikó Bozsik, Lilla Krokker, Tímea Pócza, Edit Oláh, and Attila Patócs. 2021. "Application of Multilayer Evidence for Annotation of C-Terminal BRCA2 Variants" Cancers 13, no. 4: 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040881

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