Non-Coding RNAs as Regulators and Markers for Targeting of Breast Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. BCSCs and Their Regulation
3. BCSCs and Tumor Microenvironment
4. Regulatory Pathways Associated with BCSC
5. Role of MicroRNAs and LncRNA in BCSCs
6. Exosomal miRNAs: A Future Tool for Prognosis, Drug Discovery and As Therapeutic Targets
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALDH1A3 | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A3 |
ANRIL | antisense to the CDKN2B locus |
ASCO | American Society of Clinical Oncology |
BC | Breast cancer |
BCL-2 | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
BCSC | Breast Cancer Stem Cells |
CAF | cancer-associated fibroblast |
CAFs | cancer-associated fibroblasts |
CCAT2 | Colon Cancer Associated Transcript 2 |
CCL2 | monocyte chemotactic protein-1 |
CCL7 | monocyte chemotactic protein-7 |
CCND1 | cyclin D1 |
CDK6 | Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 |
Cernan | Competing endogenous RNA |
CRISPR | Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats |
CRNDE | colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed |
CSC | Cancer stem cells |
CTNNB1 | b-catenin |
E2F1 | E2F transcription factor 1 |
E2F3 | E2F transcription factor 3 |
E-BCSC | Epithelial |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
EIF4EBP1 | Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Binding Protein 1 |
EMT | Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition |
ENCODE | Encyclopedia of DNA Elements project |
ER | Estrogen receptor |
ERBB2 | Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 |
ErbB2/3 | Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase 2/3 |
EZH2 | Enhancer of Zester Homolog 2 |
FGF13-AS1 | fibroblast growth factor 13-antisense RNA 1 |
FGF5 | fibroblast growth factor 5 |
FOXC1 | Forehead box C1 |
GAS5 | growth arrest specific 5 |
HAS2 | hyaluronic synthase |
HIF 1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 |
HOTAIR | HOX Transcript Antisense Intergenic RNA |
HOX | Homeobox |
KLF4 | Rappel-Like Factor 4 |
lncRNA | Long intervening/intergenic noncoding RNAs |
LINK-A | Long intergenic non-coding RNA for kinase activation |
LncRNA | long non-coding RNA |
LUCAT1 | Lung Cancer Associated Transcript 1 |
MALAT1 | metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 |
MAPK | Microtubule Associated Protein Kinase |
Mass | mammary stem cells |
M-BCSC | Mesenchymal |
MEG3 | Maternally Expressed Gene 3 |
MIAT | myocardial infarction associated transcript |
miRNA | Micro RNA |
mRNA | Messenger RNAs |
MSCs | mesenchymal stem cells |
MYC | MYC Proto-Oncogene |
MYT-1 | Myelin Transcription Factor 1 |
NCCN | National Comprehensive Cancer Network |
NCID | Notch intracellular domain |
ncRNAs | noncoding RNAs |
NEAT1 | nuclear Para speckle assembly transcript 1 |
NEDD4L | Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated gene 4-like |
NRAD1 | non-coding RNA in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A pathway |
OCT4 | octamer-binding transcription factor 4 |
p53 | protein p53 |
PARP | Poly ADP ribose polymerase |
PDGF-BB | platelet derived growth factor BB |
PDK1 | Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 |
PHLDA1 | Pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A member 1 |
pine | Piwi-interacting RNA |
PLAGL2 | pleomorphic gene like-2 |
PR | Progesterone receptor |
RMRP | RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease |
RMST | Rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript |
ROR | receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor |
RUNX1 | Chr. Runt-related transcription factor 1 |
S1P | sphingosine-1-phosphate |
siRNA | small interfering Ribonucleic Acid |
SIRT1 | silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog |
SnaR | steroid receptor RNA activator |
sncRNAs | short noncoding RNAs |
SNHG12 | Small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 |
snoRNA | Small nucleolar RNAs |
snRNA | Small nuclear RNA |
SOX 2 | Sry-related high mobility group box 2 |
Sox9 | Sry-related HMG box 9 |
STAT3-CPTIB-FAO | JAK/STAT3-Regulated Fatty Acid β-Oxidation I |
STXBP5-AS1 | STXBP5 Antisense RNA 1 |
SUZ12 | suppressor of zeste 12 |
TAM | Tumor-Associated Macrophages |
TCF/LEF | T cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor |
TERC | Telomerase RNA component |
TERRA | telomeric repeat-containing RNA |
TET | ten-eleven translocation |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor beta |
TME | tumor microenvironment |
TNBC | Triple Negative Breast Cancer |
Tregs | T regulatory cells |
tRFs | tRNA-derived fragments |
UCA1 | urothelial carcinoma associated 1 |
XIST | X inactive specific transcript |
ZBTB10 | Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 10 |
ZEB 2 | Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 |
ZEB1 | zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 |
References
- Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R.L.; Torre, L.A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Turashvili, G.; Brogi, E. Tumor Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer. Front. Med. (Lausanne) 2017, 4, 227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fragomeni, S.M.; Sciallis, A.; Jeruss, J.S. Molecular Subtypes and Local-Regional Control of Breast Cancer. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2018, 27, 95–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perou, C.M.; Sorlie, T.; Eisen, M.B.; van de Rijn, M.; Jeffrey, S.S.; Rees, C.A.; Pollack, J.R.; Ross, D.T.; Johnsen, H.; Akslen, L.A.; et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000, 406, 747–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sorlie, T.; Perou, C.M.; Tibshirani, R.; Aas, T.; Geisler, S.; Johnsen, H.; Hastie, T.; Eisen, M.B.; van de Rijn, M.; Jeffrey, S.S.; et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 10869–10874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Reis-Filho, J.S.; Pusztai, L. Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: classification, prognostication, and prediction. Lancet 2011, 378, 1812–1823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gradishar, W.J.; Anderson, B.O.; Balassanian, R.; Blair, S.L.; Burstein, H.J.; Cyr, A.; Elias, A.D.; Farrar, W.B.; Forero, A.; Giordano, S.H.; et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Breast Cancer, Version 1.2017. J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw. 2017, 15, 433–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Breast Cancer (ASCO). Available online: https://ascopubs.org.doi/10.1200/EDBK_237715 (accessed on 3 February 2020).
- Chan, C.W.H.; Law, B.M.H.; So, W.K.W.; Chow, K.M.; Waye, M.M.Y. Novel Strategies on Personalized Medicine for Breast Cancer Treatment: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Djebali, S.; Davis, C.A.; Merkel, A.; Dobin, A.; Lassmann, T.; Mortazavi, A.; Tanzer, A.; Lagarde, J.; Lin, W.; Schlesinger, F.; et al. Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature 2012, 489, 101–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iyer, M.K.; Niknafs, Y.S.; Malik, R.; Singhal, U.; Sahu, A.; Hosono, Y.; Barrette, T.R.; Prensner, J.R.; Evans, J.R.; Zhao, S.; et al. The landscape of long noncoding RNAs in the human transcriptome. Nat. Genet. 2015, 47, 199–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prensner, J.R.; Iyer, M.K.; Balbin, O.A.; Dhanasekaran, S.M.; Cao, Q.; Brenner, J.C.; Laxman, B.; Asangani, I.A.; Grasso, C.S.; Kominsky, H.D.; et al. Transcriptome sequencing across a prostate cancer cohort identifies PCAT-1, an unannotated lincRNA implicated in disease progression. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011, 29, 742–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pennisi, E. Genomics. ENCODE project writes eulogy for junk DNA. Science 2012, 337, 1159–1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Romano, G.; Veneziano, D.; Acunzo, M.; Croce, C.M. Small non-coding RNA and cancer. Carcinogenesis 2017, 38, 485–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- O’Day, E.; Lal, A. MicroRNAs and their target gene networks in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2010, 12, 201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ma, L.; Bajic, V.B.; Zhang, Z. On the classification of long non-coding RNAs. RNA Biol. 2013, 10, 925–933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Sharma, S.; Watabe, K. Roles of lncRNA in breast cancer. Front. Biosci. (Schol. Ed.) 2015, 7, 94–108. [Google Scholar]
- Dykes, I.M.; Emanueli, C. Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation by Long Non-coding RNA. Genom. Proteom. Bioinf. 2017, 15, 177–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Liu, L.; Li, J.; Le, T.D. LncmiRSRN: identification and analysis of long non-coding RNA related miRNA sponge regulatory network in human cancer. Bioinformatics 2018, 34, 4232–4240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, M.; Zhuo, Y.; Shan, B. MicroRNAs, Long Noncoding RNAs, and Their Functions in Human Disease. Methods Mol. Biol. 2017, 1617, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iorio, M.V.; Croce, C.M. MicroRNA dysregulation in cancer: Diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics. A comprehensive review. EMBO Mol. Med. 2017, 9, 852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, L.; Hannon, G.J. MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2004, 5, 522–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hayes, J.; Peruzzi, P.P.; Lawler, S. MicroRNAs in cancer: Biomarkers, functions and therapy. Trends Mol. Med. 2014, 20, 460–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Derrien, T.; Johnson, R.; Bussotti, G.; Tanzer, A.; Djebali, S.; Tilgner, H.; Guernec, G.; Martin, D.; Merkel, A.; Knowles, D.G.; et al. The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: Analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome. Res. 2012, 22, 1775–1789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, H.; Chung, P.J.; Liu, J.; Jang, I.C.; Kean, M.J.; Xu, J.; Chua, N.H. Genome-wide identification of long noncoding natural antisense transcripts and their responses to light in Arabidopsis. Genome. Res. 2014, 24, 444–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bu, D.; Yu, K.; Sun, S.; Xie, C.; Skogerbo, G.; Miao, R.; Xiao, H.; Liao, Q.; Luo, H.; Zhao, G.; et al. NONCODE v3.0: integrative annotation of long noncoding RNAs. Nucleic. Acids. Res. 2012, 40, D210–D215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cheng, C.; Sharp, P.A. RNA polymerase II accumulation in the promoter-proximal region of the dihydrofolate reductase and gamma-actin genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23, 1961–1967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Geisler, S.; Coller, J. RNA in unexpected places: Long non-coding RNA functions in diverse cellular contexts. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2013, 14, 699–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hutchinson, J.N.; Ensminger, A.W.; Clemson, C.M.; Lynch, C.R.; Lawrence, J.B.; Chess, A. A screen for nuclear transcripts identifies two linked noncoding RNAs associated with SC35 splicing domains. BMC Genomics 2007, 8, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kishore, S.; Gruber, A.R.; Jedlinski, D.J.; Syed, A.P.; Jorjani, H.; Zavolan, M. Insights into snoRNA biogenesis and processing from PAR-CLIP of snoRNA core proteins and small RNA sequencing. Genome. Biol. 2013, 14, R45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vicens, Q.; Westhof, E. Biogenesis of Circular RNAs. Cell 2014, 159, 13–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, L.L.; Yang, L. Regulation of circRNA biogenesis. RNA Biol. 2015, 12, 381–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naganuma, T.; Hirose, T. Paraspeckle formation during the biogenesis of long non-coding RNAs. RNA Biol. 2013, 10, 456–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fox, A.H.; Nakagawa, S.; Hirose, T.; Bond, C.S. Paraspeckles: Where Long Noncoding RNA Meets Phase Separation. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2018, 43, 124–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tragante, V.; Moore, J.H.; Asselbergs, F.W. The ENCODE project and perspectives on pathways. Genet. Epidemiol. 2014, 38, 275–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Q.; Hann, S.S. HOTAIR: An Oncogenic Long Non-Coding RNA in Human Cancer. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 47, 893–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vance, K.W.; Ponting, C.P. Transcriptional regulatory functions of nuclear long noncoding RNAs. Trends Genet. 2014, 30, 348–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- DiStefano, J.K. The Emerging Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Human Disease. Methods Mol. Biol. 2018, 1706, 91–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cipolla, G.A.; de Oliveira, J.C.; Salviano-Silva, A.; Lobo-Alves, S.C.; Lemos, D.S.; Oliveira, L.C.; Jucoski, T.S.; Mathias, C.; Pedroso, G.A.; Zambalde, E.P.; et al. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Multifactorial Diseases: Another Layer of Complexity. Noncoding RNA 2018, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, T.; Hu, H.; Yan, G.; Wu, T.; Liu, S.; Chen, W.; Ning, Y.; Lu, Z. Long Non-Coding RNA and Breast Cancer. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 2019, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gasch, C.; Ffrench, B.; O’Leary, J.J.; Gallagher, M.F. Catching moving targets: cancer stem cell hierarchies, therapy-resistance & considerations for clinical intervention. Mol. Cancer 2017, 16, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, Z.; Pestell, T.G.; Lisanti, M.P.; Pestell, R.G. Cancer stem cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2012, 44, 2144–2151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Palomeras, S.; Ruiz-Martinez, S.; Puig, T. Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells to Overcome Treatment Resistance. Molecules 2018, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhou, J.; Chen, Q.; Zou, Y.; Chen, H.; Qi, L.; Chen, Y. Stem Cells and Cellular Origins of Breast Cancer: Updates in the Rationale, Controversies, and Therapeutic Implications. Front. Oncol. 2019, 9, 820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, S.; Cong, Y.; Wang, D.; Sun, Y.; Deng, L.; Liu, Y.; Martin-Trevino, R.; Shang, L.; McDermott, S.P.; Landis, M.D.; et al. Breast cancer stem cells transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states reflective of their normal counterparts. Stem. Cell Reports 2014, 2, 78–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Al-Hajj, M.; Wicha, M.S.; Benito-Hernandez, A.; Morrison, S.J.; Clarke, M.F. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 3983–3988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Prat, A.; Parker, J.S.; Karginova, O.; Fan, C.; Livasy, C.; Herschkowitz, J.I.; He, X.; Perou, C.M. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the claudin-low intrinsic subtype of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2010, 12, R68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- LaBarge, M.A.; Petersen, O.W.; Bissell, M.J. Of microenvironments and mammary stem cells. Stem Cell Rev. 2007, 3, 137–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wiseman, B.S.; Werb, Z. Stromal effects on mammary gland development and breast cancer. Science 2002, 296, 1046–1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Silberstein, G.B. Tumour-stromal interactions. Role of the stroma in mammary development. Breast Cancer Res. 2001, 3, 218–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Parmar, H.; Cunha, G.R. Epithelial-stromal interactions in the mouse and human mammary gland in vivo. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2004, 11, 437–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bocci, F.; Gearhart-Serna, L.; Boareto, M.; Ribeiro, M.; Ben-Jacob, E.; Devi, G.R.; Levine, H.; Onuchic, J.N.; Jolly, M.K. Toward understanding cancer stem cell heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 148–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bhat, V.; Allan, A.L.; Raouf, A. Role of the Microenvironment in Regulating Normal and Cancer Stem Cell Activity: Implications for Breast Cancer Progression and Therapy Response. Cancers (Basel) 2019, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liubomirski, Y.; Lerrer, S.; Meshel, T.; Rubinstein-Achiasaf, L.; Morein, D.; Wiemann, S.; Korner, C.; Ben-Baruch, A. Tumor-Stroma-Inflammation Networks Promote Pro-metastatic Chemokines and Aggressiveness Characteristics in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Korkaya, H.; Liu, S.; Wicha, M.S. Breast cancer stem cells, cytokine networks, and the tumor microenvironment. J. Clin. Invest. 2011, 121, 3804–3809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chatterjee, S.; Basak, P.; Buchel, E.; Safneck, J.; Murphy, L.C.; Mowat, M.; Kung, S.K.; Eirew, P.; Eaves, C.J.; Raouf, A. Breast Cancers Activate Stromal Fibroblast-Induced Suppression of Progenitors in Adjacent Normal Tissue. Stem Cell Reports 2018, 10, 196–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsuyada, A.; Chow, A.; Wu, J.; Somlo, G.; Chu, P.; Loera, S.; Luu, T.; Li, A.X.; Wu, X.; Ye, W.; et al. CCL2 mediates cross-talk between cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts that regulates breast cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 2768–2779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ohlund, D.; Handly-Santana, A.; Biffi, G.; Elyada, E.; Almeida, A.S.; Ponz-Sarvise, M.; Corbo, V.; Oni, T.E.; Hearn, S.A.; Lee, E.J.; et al. Distinct populations of inflammatory fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in pancreatic cancer. J. Exp. Med. 2017, 214, 579–596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sugimoto, H.; Mundel, T.M.; Kieran, M.W.; Kalluri, R. Identification of fibroblast heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2006, 5, 1640–1646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cazet, A.S.; Hui, M.N.; Elsworth, B.L.; Wu, S.Z.; Roden, D.; Chan, C.L.; Skhinas, J.N.; Collot, R.; Yang, J.; Harvey, K.; et al. Targeting stromal remodeling and cancer stem cell plasticity overcomes chemoresistance in triple negative breast cancer. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Valenti, G.; Quinn, H.M.; Heynen, G.; Lan, L.; Holland, J.D.; Vogel, R.; Wulf-Goldenberg, A.; Birchmeier, W. Cancer Stem Cells Regulate Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts via Activation of Hedgehog Signaling in Mammary Gland Tumors. Cancer Res. 2017, 77, 2134–2147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Al-Khalaf, H.H.; Ghebeh, H.; Inass, R.; Aboussekhra, A. Senescent Breast Luminal Cells Promote Carcinogenesis through Interleukin-8-Dependent Activation of Stromal Fibroblasts. Mol. Cell Biol. 2019, 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Su, S.; Chen, J.; Yao, H.; Liu, J.; Yu, S.; Lao, L.; Wang, M.; Luo, M.; Xing, Y.; Chen, F.; et al. CD10(+)GPR77(+) Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote Cancer Formation and Chemoresistance by Sustaining Cancer Stemness. Cell 2018, 172, 841–856.e16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, S.; Ginestier, C.; Ou, S.J.; Clouthier, S.G.; Patel, S.H.; Monville, F.; Korkaya, H.; Heath, A.; Dutcher, J.; Kleer, C.G.; et al. Breast cancer stem cells are regulated by mesenchymal stem cells through cytokine networks. Cancer Res. 2011, 71, 614–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ma, X.J.; Dahiya, S.; Richardson, E.; Erlander, M.; Sgroi, D.C. Gene expression profiling of the tumor microenvironment during breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11, R7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yang, J.; Liao, D.; Chen, C.; Liu, Y.; Chuang, T.H.; Xiang, R.; Markowitz, D.; Reisfeld, R.A.; Luo, Y. Tumor-associated macrophages regulate murine breast cancer stem cells through a novel paracrine EGFR/Stat3/Sox-2 signaling pathway. Stem Cells 2013, 31, 248–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Okuda, H.; Kobayashi, A.; Xia, B.; Watabe, M.; Pai, S.K.; Hirota, S.; Xing, F.; Liu, W.; Pandey, P.R.; Fukuda, K.; et al. Hyaluronan synthase HAS2 promotes tumor progression in bone by stimulating the interaction of breast cancer stem-like cells with macrophages and stromal cells. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 537–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lu, H.; Clauser, K.R.; Tam, W.L.; Frose, J.; Ye, X.; Eaton, E.N.; Reinhardt, F.; Donnenberg, V.S.; Bhargava, R.; Carr, S.A.; et al. A breast cancer stem cell niche supported by juxtacrine signalling from monocytes and macrophages. Nat. Cell Biol. 2014, 16, 1105–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nalla, L.V.; Kalia, K.; Khairnar, A. Self-renewal signaling pathways in breast cancer stem cells. Int J Biochem. Cell Biol. 2019, 107, 140–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Hussaini, H.; Subramanyam, D.; Reedijk, M.; Sridhar, S.S. Notch signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in breast cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2011, 10, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Habib, J.G.; O’Shaughnessy, J.A. The hedgehog pathway in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Med. 2016, 5, 2989–3006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, T.D.; Suto, M.J.; Li, Y. The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway: A potential therapeutic target in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer. J. Cell Biochem. 2012, 113, 13–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borah, A.; Raveendran, S.; Rochani, A.; Maekawa, T.; Kumar, D.S. Targeting self-renewal pathways in cancer stem cells: clinical implications for cancer therapy. Oncogenesis 2015, 4, e177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Matsui, W.H. Cancer stem cell signaling pathways. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016, 95, S8–S19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, D.E.; O’Keefe, R.A.; Grandis, J.R. Targeting the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling axis in cancer. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 15, 234–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peng, D.; Tanikawa, T.; Li, W.; Zhao, L.; Vatan, L.; Szeliga, W.; Wan, S.; Wei, S.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Y.; et al. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Endow Stem-like Qualities to Breast Cancer Cells through IL6/STAT3 and NO/NOTCH Cross-talk Signaling. Cancer Res. 2016, 76, 3156–3165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fang, X.; Cai, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, Z.; Wu, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, C.J.; Yuan, L.; Ouyang, G. Twist2 contributes to breast cancer progression by promoting an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem-like cell self-renewal. Oncogene 2011, 30, 4707–4720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thiagarajan, P.S.; Zheng, Q.; Bhagrath, M.; Mulkearns-Hubert, E.E.; Myers, M.G.; Lathia, J.D.; Reizes, O. STAT3 activation by leptin receptor is essential for TNBC stem cell maintenance. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2017, 24, 415–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, T.; Fahrmann, J.F.; Lee, H.; Li, Y.J.; Tripathi, S.C.; Yue, C.; Zhang, C.; Lifshitz, V.; Song, J.; Yuan, Y.; et al. JAK/STAT3-Regulated Fatty Acid beta-Oxidation Is Critical for Breast Cancer Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Chemoresistance. Cell Metab. 2018, 27, 136–150.e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhong, Y.; Shen, S.; Zhou, Y.; Mao, F.; Lin, Y.; Guan, J.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Liu, X.; Sun, Q. NOTCH1 is a poor prognostic factor for breast cancer and is associated with breast cancer stem cells. Onco. Targets Ther. 2016, 9, 6865–6871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gonzalez, M.E.; Moore, H.M.; Li, X.; Toy, K.A.; Huang, W.; Sabel, M.S.; Kidwell, K.M.; Kleer, C.G. EZH2 expands breast stem cells through activation of NOTCH1 signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 3098–3103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hirata, N.; Yamada, S.; Shoda, T.; Kurihara, M.; Sekino, Y.; Kanda, Y. Sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes expansion of cancer stem cells via S1PR3 by a ligand-independent Notch activation. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohammed, M.K.; Shao, C.; Wang, J.; Wei, Q.; Wang, X.; Collier, Z.; Tang, S.; Liu, H.; Zhang, F.; Huang, J.; et al. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays an ever-expanding role in stem cell self-renewal, tumorigenesis and cancer chemoresistance. Genes Dis. 2016, 3, 11–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Domenici, G.; Aurrekoetxea-Rodriguez, I.; Simoes, B.M.; Rabano, M.; Lee, S.Y.; Millan, J.S.; Comaills, V.; Oliemuller, E.; Lopez-Ruiz, J.A.; Zabalza, I.; et al. A Sox2-Sox9 signalling axis maintains human breast luminal progenitor and breast cancer stem cells. Oncogene 2019, 38, 3151–3169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Protecting Workers’ Health. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/protecting-workers’-health (accessed on 3 February 2020).
- Wang, L.; Duan, W.; Kang, L.; Mao, J.; Yu, X.; Fan, S.; Li, L.; Tao, Y. Smoothened activates breast cancer stem-like cell and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2014, 68, 1099–1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, B.; Qu, Y.; Jin, Y.; Yu, Y.; Deng, N.; Wawrowsky, K.; Zhang, X.; Li, N.; Bose, S.; Wang, Q.; et al. FOXC1 Activates Smoothened-Independent Hedgehog Signaling in Basal-like Breast Cancer. Cell Rep. 2015, 13, 1046–1058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Loh, H.Y.; Norman, B.P.; Lai, K.S.; Rahman, N.; Alitheen, N.B.M.; Osman, M.A. The Regulatory Role of MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Luo, Q.; Li, X.; Gao, Y.; Long, Y.; Chen, L.; Huang, Y.; Fang, L. MiRNA-497 regulates cell growth and invasion by targeting cyclin E1 in breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2013, 13, 95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guo, X.; Connick, M.C.; Vanderhoof, J.; Ishak, M.A.; Hartley, R.S. MicroRNA-16 modulates HuR regulation of cyclin E1 in breast cancer cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 7112–7132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shukla, K.; Sharma, A.K.; Ward, A.; Will, R.; Hielscher, T.; Balwierz, A.; Breunig, C.; Munstermann, E.; Konig, R.; Keklikoglou, I.; et al. MicroRNA-30c-2-3p negatively regulates NF-kappaB signaling and cell cycle progression through downregulation of TRADD and CCNE1 in breast cancer. Mol. Oncol. 2015, 9, 1106–1119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, X.; Lyu, J. Tumor suppressor function of miR-483-3p on breast cancer via targeting of the cyclin E1 gene. Exp. Ther. Med. 2018, 16, 2615–2620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yan, C.; Chen, Y.; Kong, W.; Fu, L.; Liu, Y.; Yao, Q.; Yuan, Y. PVT1-derived miR-1207-5p promotes breast cancer cell growth by targeting STAT6. Cancer Sci. 2017, 108, 868–876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jiang, Q.; He, M.; Ma, M.T.; Wu, H.Z.; Yu, Z.J.; Guan, S.; Jiang, L.Y.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, D.D.; Jin, F.; et al. MicroRNA-148a inhibits breast cancer migration and invasion by directly targeting WNT-1. Oncol. Rep. 2016, 35, 1425–1432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohammadi-Yeganeh, S.; Paryan, M.; Arefian, E.; Vasei, M.; Ghanbarian, H.; Mahdian, R.; Karimipoor, M.; Soleimani, M. MicroRNA-340 inhibits the migration, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer cells by targeting Wnt pathway. Tumour Biol 2016, 37, 8993–9000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yokota, T.; Furukawa, T.; Tsukagoshi, H. Motor paresis improved by sympathetic block. A motor form of reflex sympathetic dystrophy? Arch Neurol 1989, 46, 683–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, Y.; Jiao, G.; Wang, C.; Yang, J.; Yang, W. MicroRNA-421 inhibits breast cancer metastasis by targeting metastasis associated 1. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2016, 83, 1398–1406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, F.; Hosany, S.; Zhong, S.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Lin, L.; Wang, X.; Gao, S.; Hu, X. MicroRNA-193a inhibits breast cancer proliferation and metastasis by downregulating WT1. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0185565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, C.; Liu, Z.; Li, X.; Tang, X.; He, J.; Lu, S. MicroRNA-1297 contributes to tumor growth of human breast cancer by targeting PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling. Oncol. Rep. 2017, 38, 2435–2443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Miao, Y.; Zheng, W.; Li, N.; Su, Z.; Zhao, L.; Zhou, H.; Jia, L. MicroRNA-130b targets PTEN to mediate drug resistance and proliferation of breast cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 41942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, B.S.; Ryu, H.S.; Kim, N.; Kim, J.; Lee, E.; Moon, H.; Kim, K.H.; Jin, M.S.; Kwon, N.H.; Kim, S.; et al. Tumor Suppressor miRNA-204-5p Regulates Growth, Metastasis, and Immune Microenvironment Remodeling in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2019, 79, 1520–1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, A.Q.; Ahmed, E.I.; Elareer, N.R.; Junejo, K.; Steinhoff, M.; Uddin, S. Role of miRNA-Regulated Cancer Stem Cells in the Pathogenesis of Human Malignancies. Cells 2019, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fan, X.; Chen, W.; Fu, Z.; Zeng, L.; Yin, Y.; Yuan, H. MicroRNAs, a subpopulation of regulators, are involved in breast cancer progression through regulating breast cancer stem cells. Oncol. Lett. 2017, 14, 5069–5076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lim, Y.Y.; Wright, J.A.; Attema, J.L.; Gregory, P.A.; Bert, A.G.; Smith, E.; Thomas, D.; Lopez, A.F.; Drew, P.A.; Khew-Goodall, Y.; et al. Epigenetic modulation of the miR-200 family is associated with transition to a breast cancer stem-cell-like state. J. Cell Sci. 2013, 126, 2256–2266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Polytarchou, C.; Iliopoulos, D.; Struhl, K. An integrated transcriptional regulatory circuit that reinforces the breast cancer stem cell state. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 14470–14475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Iliopoulos, D.; Lindahl-Allen, M.; Polytarchou, C.; Hirsch, H.A.; Tsichlis, P.N.; Struhl, K. Loss of miR-200 inhibition of Suz12 leads to polycomb-mediated repression required for the formation and maintenance of cancer stem cells. Mol. Cell 2010, 39, 761–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wellner, U.; Schubert, J.; Burk, U.C.; Schmalhofer, O.; Zhu, F.; Sonntag, A.; Waldvogel, B.; Vannier, C.; Darling, D.; zur Hausen, A.; et al. The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2009, 11, 1487–1495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dykxhoorn, D.M.; Wu, Y.; Xie, H.; Yu, F.; Lal, A.; Petrocca, F.; Martinvalet, D.; Song, E.; Lim, B.; Lieberman, J. miR-200 enhances mouse breast cancer cell colonization to form distant metastases. PLoS ONE 2009, 4, e7181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Knezevic, J.; Pfefferle, A.D.; Petrovic, I.; Greene, S.B.; Perou, C.M.; Rosen, J.M. Expression of miR-200c in claudin-low breast cancer alters stem cell functionality, enhances chemosensitivity and reduces metastatic potential. Oncogene 2015, 34, 5997–6006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- van den Beucken, T.; Koch, E.; Chu, K.; Rupaimoole, R.; Prickaerts, P.; Adriaens, M.; Voncken, J.W.; Harris, A.L.; Buffa, F.M.; Haider, S.; et al. Hypoxia promotes stem cell phenotypes and poor prognosis through epigenetic regulation of DICER. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, S.J.; Poliseno, L.; Song, M.S.; Ala, U.; Webster, K.; Ng, C.; Beringer, G.; Brikbak, N.J.; Yuan, X.; Cantley, L.C.; et al. MicroRNA-antagonism regulates breast cancer stemness and metastasis via TET-family dependent chromatin remodeling. Cell 2013, 154, 311–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Valastyan, S.; Chang, A.; Benaich, N.; Reinhardt, F.; Weinberg, R.A. Concurrent suppression of integrin alpha5, radixin, and RhoA phenocopies the effects of miR-31 on metastasis. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 5147–5154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Valastyan, S.; Reinhardt, F.; Benaich, N.; Calogrias, D.; Szasz, A.M.; Wang, Z.C.; Brock, J.E.; Richardson, A.L.; Weinberg, R.A. A pleiotropically acting microRNA, miR-31, inhibits breast cancer metastasis. Cell 2009, 137, 1032–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sachdeva, M.; Mo, Y.Y. MicroRNA-145 suppresses cell invasion and metastasis by directly targeting mucin 1. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 378–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spizzo, R.; Nicoloso, M.S.; Lupini, L.; Lu, Y.; Fogarty, J.; Rossi, S.; Zagatti, B.; Fabbri, M.; Veronese, A.; Liu, X.; et al. miR-145 participates with TP53 in a death-promoting regulatory loop and targets estrogen receptor-alpha in human breast cancer cells. Cell Death. Differ. 2010, 17, 246–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, S.; Bian, C.; Yang, Z.; Bo, Y.; Li, J.; Zeng, L.; Zhou, H.; Zhao, R.C. miR-145 inhibits breast cancer cell growth through RTKN. Int. J. Oncol. 2009, 34, 1461–1466. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Jiang, S.; Zhang, H.W.; Lu, M.H.; He, X.H.; Li, Y.; Gu, H.; Liu, M.F.; Wang, E.D. MicroRNA-155 functions as an OncomiR in breast cancer by targeting the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 gene. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 3119–3127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kong, W.; He, L.; Coppola, M.; Guo, J.; Esposito, N.N.; Coppola, D.; Cheng, J.Q. MicroRNA-155 regulates cell survival, growth, and chemosensitivity by targeting FOXO3a in breast cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 17869–17879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kong, W.; Yang, H.; He, L.; Zhao, J.J.; Coppola, D.; Dalton, W.S.; Cheng, J.Q. MicroRNA-155 is regulated by the transforming growth factor beta/Smad pathway and contributes to epithelial cell plasticity by targeting RhoA. Mol. Cell Biol. 2008, 28, 6773–6784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carpenter, R.L.; Paw, I.; Dewhirst, M.W.; Lo, H.W. Akt phosphorylates and activates HSF-1 independent of heat shock, leading to Slug overexpression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2015, 34, 546–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Song, B.; Wang, C.; Liu, J.; Wang, X.; Lv, L.; Wei, L.; Xie, L.; Zheng, Y.; Song, X. MicroRNA-21 regulates breast cancer invasion partly by targeting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 expression. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010, 29, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Qi, L.; Bart, J.; Tan, L.P.; Platteel, I.; Sluis, T.; Huitema, S.; Harms, G.; Fu, L.; Hollema, H.; Berg, A. Expression of miR-21 and its targets (PTEN, PDCD4, TM1) in flat epithelial atypia of the breast in relation to ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2009, 9, 163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, G.L.; Zhang, X.H.; Guo, G.L.; Huang, K.T.; Yang, K.Y.; Hu, X.Q. Expression of microRNA-21 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and its association with phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome expression and clinicopathologic features. Chinese Med. J. 2008, 88, 2833–2837. [Google Scholar]
- Qian, B.; Katsaros, D.; Lu, L.; Preti, M.; Durando, A.; Arisio, R.; Mu, L.; Yu, H. High miR-21 expression in breast cancer associated with poor disease-free survival in early stage disease and high TGF-beta1. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2009, 117, 131–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scott, G.K.; Goga, A.; Bhaumik, D.; Berger, C.E.; Sullivan, C.S.; Benz, C.C. Coordinate suppression of ERBB2 and ERBB3 by enforced expression of micro-RNA miR-125a or miR-125b. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 1479–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhou, M.; Liu, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Ding, Y.; Liu, H.; Xi, Y.; Xiong, W.; Li, G.; Lu, J.; Fodstad, O.; et al. MicroRNA-125b confers the resistance of breast cancer cells to paclitaxel through suppression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 antagonist killer 1 (Bak1) expression. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285, 21496–21507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hofmann, M.H.; Heinrich, J.; Radziwill, G.; Moelling, K. A short hairpin DNA analogous to miR-125b inhibits C-Raf expression, proliferation, and survival of breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Res. 2009, 7, 1635–1644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ma, L.; Reinhardt, F.; Pan, E.; Soutschek, J.; Bhat, B.; Marcusson, E.G.; Teruya-Feldstein, J.; Bell, G.W.; Weinberg, R.A. Therapeutic silencing of miR-10b inhibits metastasis in a mouse mammary tumor model. Nat. Biotechnol. 2010, 28, 341–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, L.; Teruya-Feldstein, J.; Weinberg, R.A. Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer. Nature 2007, 449, 682–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, A.; Ginnebaugh, K.R.; Yin, S.; Bollig-Fischer, A.; Reddy, K.B.; Sarkar, F.H. Functional role of miR-10b in tamoxifen resistance of ER-positive breast cancer cells through down-regulation of HDAC4. BMC Cancer 2015, 15, 540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iorio, M.V.; Ferracin, M.; Liu, C.G.; Veronese, A.; Spizzo, R.; Sabbioni, S.; Magri, E.; Pedriali, M.; Fabbri, M.; Campiglio, M.; et al. MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 7065–7070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, H.; Zhu, S.; Mo, Y.Y. Suppression of cell growth and invasion by miR-205 in breast cancer. Cell Res. 2009, 19, 439–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gregory, P.A.; Bert, A.G.; Paterson, E.L.; Barry, S.C.; Tsykin, A.; Farshid, G.; Vadas, M.A.; Khew-Goodall, Y.; Goodall, G.J. The miR-200 family and miR-205 regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB1 and SIP1. Nat. Cell Biol. 2008, 10, 593–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Camps, C.; Buffa, F.M.; Colella, S.; Moore, J.; Sotiriou, C.; Sheldon, H.; Harris, A.L.; Gleadle, J.M.; Ragoussis, J. hsa-miR-210 Is induced by hypoxia and is an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 1340–1348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Z.; Sun, H.; Dai, H.; Walsh, R.M.; Imakura, M.; Schelter, J.; Burchard, J.; Dai, X.; Chang, A.N.; Diaz, R.L.; et al. MicroRNA miR-210 modulates cellular response to hypoxia through the MYC antagonist MNT. Cell Cycle 2009, 8, 2756–2768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Luthra, R.; Singh, R.R.; Luthra, M.G.; Li, Y.X.; Hannah, C.; Romans, A.M.; Barkoh, B.A.; Chen, S.S.; Ensor, J.; Maru, D.M.; et al. MicroRNA-196a targets annexin A1: a microRNA-mediated mechanism of annexin A1 downregulation in cancers. Oncogene 2008, 27, 6667–6678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, H.; Tian, W.; Chen, H.; Jiang, K. MiR-944 functions as a novel oncogene and regulates the chemoresistance in breast cancer. Tumour. Biol. 2016, 37, 1599–1607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, H.; Wang, D.; Li, L.; Yang, S.; Chen, X.; Zhou, S.; Zhong, S.; Zhao, J.; Tang, J. MiR-222 promotes drug-resistance of breast cancer cells to adriamycin via modulation of PTEN/Akt/FOXO1 pathway. Gene 2017, 596, 110–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Zhong, S.; Xu, Y.; Yu, D.; Ma, T.; Chen, L.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, X.; Yang, S.; Wu, Y.; et al. MicroRNA-3646 Contributes to Docetaxel Resistance in Human Breast Cancer Cells by GSK-3beta/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0153194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kastl, L.; Brown, I.; Schofield, A.C. miRNA-34a is associated with docetaxel resistance in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2012, 131, 445–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, Y.S.; Qiu, W.S.; Yao, R.Y.; Zhang, Q.; Zhuang, L.K.; Zhou, F.; Sun, L.B.; Yue, L. miR-141 confers docetaxel chemoresistance of breast cancer cells via regulation of EIF4E expression. Oncol. Rep. 2015, 33, 2504–2512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Su, C.M.; Wang, M.Y.; Hong, C.C.; Chen, H.A.; Su, Y.H.; Wu, C.H.; Huang, M.T.; Chang, Y.W.; Jiang, S.S.; Sung, S.Y.; et al. miR-520h is crucial for DAPK2 regulation and breast cancer progression. Oncogene 2016, 35, 1134–1142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kato, M.; Paranjape, T.; Muller, R.U.; Nallur, S.; Gillespie, E.; Keane, K.; Esquela-Kerscher, A.; Weidhaas, J.B.; Slack, F.J. The mir-34 microRNA is required for the DNA damage response in vivo in C. elegans and in vitro in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2009, 28, 2419–2424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bhaumik, D.; Scott, G.K.; Schokrpur, S.; Patil, C.K.; Campisi, J.; Benz, C.C. Expression of microRNA-146 suppresses NF-kappaB activity with reduction of metastatic potential in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2008, 27, 5643–5647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Reddy, S.D.; Ohshiro, K.; Rayala, S.K.; Kumar, R. MicroRNA-7, a homeobox D10 target, inhibits p21-activated kinase 1 and regulates its functions. Cancer Res 2008, 68, 8195–8200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pandey, D.P.; Picard, D. miR-22 inhibits estrogen signaling by directly targeting the estrogen receptor alpha mRNA. Mol Cell Biol 2009, 29, 3783–3790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rao, X.; Di Leva, G.; Li, M.; Fang, F.; Devlin, C.; Hartman-Frey, C.; Burow, M.E.; Ivan, M.; Croce, C.M.; Nephew, K.P. MicroRNA-221/222 confers breast cancer fulvestrant resistance by regulating multiple signaling pathways. Oncogene 2011, 30, 1082–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nagpal, N.; Ahmad, H.M.; Molparia, B.; Kulshreshtha, R. MicroRNA-191, an estrogen-responsive microRNA, functions as an oncogenic regulator in human breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 2013, 34, 1889–1899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tavazoie, S.F.; Alarcon, C.; Oskarsson, T.; Padua, D.; Wang, Q.; Bos, P.D.; Gerald, W.L.; Massague, J. Endogenous human microRNAs that suppress breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2008, 451, 147–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Trompeter, H.I.; Abbad, H.; Iwaniuk, K.M.; Hafner, M.; Renwick, N.; Tuschl, T.; Schira, J.; Muller, H.W.; Wernet, P. MicroRNAs MiR-17, MiR-20a, and MiR-106b act in concert to modulate E2F activity on cell cycle arrest during neuronal lineage differentiation of USSC. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e16138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, L.; Young, J.; Prabhala, H.; Pan, E.; Mestdagh, P.; Muth, D.; Teruya-Feldstein, J.; Reinhardt, F.; Onder, T.T.; Valastyan, S.; et al. miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12, 247–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xia, P.; Wang, Z.; Liu, X.; Wu, B.; Wang, J.; Ward, T.; Zhang, L.; Ding, X.; Gibbons, G.; Shi, Y.; et al. EB1 acetylation by P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) ensures accurate kinetochore-microtubule interactions in mitosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 16564–16569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Xie, H.; Zhou, Z.; Chen, H.; Hu, T.; Bai, Y.; Shen, Y.; Yuan, W.; Jing, Q.; et al. Endothelial-specific intron-derived miR-126 is down-regulated in human breast cancer and targets both VEGFA and PIK3R2. Mol. Cell Biochem. 2011, 351, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siragam, V.; Rutnam, Z.J.; Yang, W.; Fang, L.; Luo, L.; Yang, X.; Li, M.; Deng, Z.; Qian, J.; Peng, C.; et al. MicroRNA miR-98 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and invasion by targeting activin receptor-like kinase-4 and matrix metalloproteinase-11. Oncotarget 2012, 3, 1370–1385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Yin, Y.; Li, Q.; He, J.; Jing, Y.; Qi, Y.T.; Xu, Q.; Li, W.; Lu, B.; et al. A regulatory circuit of miR-148a/152 and DNMT1 in modulating cell transformation and tumor angiogenesis through IGF-IR and IRS1. J. Mol. Cell Biol. 2013, 5, 3–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cha, S.T.; Chen, P.S.; Johansson, G.; Chu, C.Y.; Wang, M.Y.; Jeng, Y.M.; Yu, S.L.; Chen, J.S.; Chang, K.J.; Jee, S.H.; et al. MicroRNA-519c suppresses hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression and tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 2675–2685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Plummer, P.N.; Freeman, R.; Taft, R.J.; Vider, J.; Sax, M.; Umer, B.A.; Gao, D.; Johns, C.; Mattick, J.S.; Wilton, S.D.; et al. MicroRNAs regulate tumor angiogenesis modulated by endothelial progenitor cells. Cancer Res. 2013, 73, 341–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lu, Y.; Qin, T.; Li, J.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Q.; Jiang, Z.; Mao, J. MicroRNA-140-5p inhibits invasion and angiogenesis through targeting VEGF-A in breast cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. 2017, 24, 386–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, Y.; Lai, L.; Chen, Q.; Song, Y.; Xu, S.; Ma, F.; Wang, X.; Wang, J.; Yu, H.; Cao, X.; et al. MicroRNA-494 is required for the accumulation and functions of tumor-expanded myeloid-derived suppressor cells via targeting of PTEN. J. Immunol. 2012, 188, 5500–5510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, Z.; Bian, X.; Shim, H. Downregulation of microRNA-206 promotes invasion and angiogenesis of triple negative breast cancer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2016, 477, 461–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anfossi, S.; Giordano, A.; Gao, H.; Cohen, E.N.; Tin, S.; Wu, Q.; Garza, R.J.; Debeb, B.G.; Alvarez, R.H.; Valero, V.; et al. High serum miR-19a levels are associated with inflammatory breast cancer and are predictive of favorable clinical outcome in patients with metastatic HER2+ inflammatory breast cancer. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e83113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taguchi, A.; Yanagisawa, K.; Tanaka, M.; Cao, K.; Matsuyama, Y.; Goto, H.; Takahashi, T. Identification of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha as a novel target for miR-17-92 microRNA cluster. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 5540–5545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bhattacharyya, S.; Sul, K.; Krukovets, I.; Nestor, C.; Li, J.; Adognravi, O.S. Novel tissue-specific mechanism of regulation of angiogenesis and cancer growth in response to hyperglycemia. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2012, 1, e005967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bishnoi, V.; Kumar, B.; Bhagat, H.; Salunke, P.; Bishnoi, S. Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Versus Midazolam-Fentanyl Combination for Monitored Anesthesia Care During Burr-Hole Surgery for Chronic Subdural Hematoma. J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol. 2016, 28, 141–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomar, D.; Yadav, A.S.; Kumar, D.; Bhadauriya, G.; Kundu, G.C. Non-coding RNAs as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Gene. Regul. Mech. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Du, Y.E.; Tu, G.; Yang, G.; Li, G.; Yang, D.; Lang, L.; Xi, L.; Sun, K.; Chen, Y.; Shu, K.; et al. MiR-205/YAP1 in Activated Fibroblasts of Breast Tumor Promotes VEGF-independent Angiogenesis through STAT3 Signaling. Theranostics 2017, 7, 3972–3988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, L.; Yu, L.; Zhang, X.; Lei, F.; Wang, L.; Liu, X.; Wu, S.; Zhu, J.; Wu, G.; Cao, L.; et al. miR-892b Silencing Activates NF-kappaB and Promotes Aggressiveness in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2016, 76, 1101–1111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jung, E.J.; Santarpia, L.; Kim, J.; Esteva, F.J.; Moretti, E.; Buzdar, A.U.; Di Leo, A.; Le, X.F.; Bast, R.C., Jr.; Park, S.T.; et al. Plasma microRNA 210 levels correlate with sensitivity to trastuzumab and tumor presence in breast cancer patients. Cancer 2012, 118, 2603–2614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rothe, F.; Ignatiadis, M.; Chaboteaux, C.; Haibe-Kains, B.; Kheddoumi, N.; Majjaj, S.; Badran, B.; Fayyad-Kazan, H.; Desmedt, C.; Harris, A.L.; et al. Global microRNA expression profiling identifies MiR-210 associated with tumor proliferation, invasion and poor clinical outcome in breast cancer. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e20980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gu, X.; Li, J.Y.; Guo, J.; Li, P.S.; Zhang, W.H. Influence of MiR-451 on Drug Resistances of Paclitaxel-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Line. Med. Sci. Monit. 2015, 21, 3291–3297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, B.; Zhao, R.; He, Y.; Fu, X.; Fu, L.; Zhu, Z.; Fu, L.; Dong, J.T. MicroRNA 100 sensitizes luminal A breast cancer cells to paclitaxel treatment in part by targeting mTOR. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 5702–5714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, H.D.; Sun, D.W.; Mao, L.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, L.H.; Li, J.; Wu, Y.; Ji, H.; Chen, W.; Wang, J.; et al. MiR-139-5p inhibits the biological function of breast cancer cells by targeting Notch1 and mediates chemosensitivity to docetaxel. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2015, 465, 702–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, X.; Luo, A.; Liu, Y.; Wang, S.; Li, Y.; Shi, W.; Liu, Z.; Qu, X. MiR-214 increases the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen and fulvestrant through inhibition of autophagy. Mol. Cancer 2015, 14, 208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Esteva, F.J.; Yu, D.; Hung, M.C.; Hortobagyi, G.N. Molecular predictors of response to trastuzumab and lapatinib in breast cancer. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 7, 98–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, X.; Zhou, S.; Zheng, M.; Deng, X.; Yi, Y.; Huang, T. MiR-199a-3p enhances breast cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin by downregulating TFAM (TFAM). Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 88, 507–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cataldo, A.; Cheung, D.G.; Balsari, A.; Tagliabue, E.; Coppola, V.; Iorio, M.V.; Palmieri, D.; Croce, C.M. miR-302b enhances breast cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin by regulating E2F1 and the cellular DNA damage response. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 786–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, X.; Xiao, X.; Dong, L.; Wan, N.; Zhou, Z.; Deng, H.; Zhang, X. MiR-218 regulates cisplatin chemosensitivity in breast cancer by targeting BRCA1. Tumour. Biol. 2015, 36, 2065–2075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, X.; Peng, J.; Fu, Y.; An, S.; Rezaei, K.; Tabbara, S.; Teal, C.B.; Man, Y.G.; Brem, R.F.; Fu, S.W. miR-638 mediated regulation of BRCA1 affects DNA repair and sensitivity to UV and cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2014, 16, 435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhong, S.; Li, W.; Chen, Z.; Xu, J.; Zhao, J. MiR-222 and miR-29a contribute to the drug-resistance of breast cancer cells. Gene 2013, 531, 8–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wei, Y.; Li, M.; Yu, S.; Ye, M.; Zhang, H.; Chen, S.; Liu, W.; Zhang, J. MiR-129-3p promotes docetaxel resistance of breast cancer cells via CP110 inhibition. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 15424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Yu, H.; Lou, J.R.; Zheng, J.; Zhu, H.; Popescu, N.I.; Lupu, F.; Lind, S.E.; Ding, W.Q. MicroRNA-19 (miR-19) regulates tissue factor expression in breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286, 1429–1435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, L.; He, X.; Lim, L.P.; de Stanchina, E.; Xuan, Z.; Liang, Y.; Xue, W.; Zender, L.; Magnus, J.; Ridzon, D.; et al. A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network. Nature 2007, 447, 1130–1134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, F.; Jiao, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, J.; Cui, X.; Liu, Y.; He, Y.; Park, E.Y.; Zhang, H.; et al. MicroRNA 34c gene down-regulation via DNA methylation promotes self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast tumor-initiating cells. J Biol Chem 2012, 287, 465–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lin, X.; Chen, W.; Wei, F.; Zhou, B.P.; Hung, M.C.; Xie, X. Nanoparticle Delivery of miR-34a Eradicates Long-term-cultured Breast Cancer Stem Cells via Targeting C22ORF28 Directly. Theranostics 2017, 7, 4805–4824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Christoffersen, N.R.; Shalgi, R.; Frankel, L.B.; Leucci, E.; Lees, M.; Klausen, M.; Pilpel, Y.; Nielsen, F.C.; Oren, M.; Lund, A.H. p53-independent upregulation of miR-34a during oncogene-induced senescence represses MYC. Cell Death. Differ. 2010, 17, 236–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Welch, C.; Chen, Y.; Stallings, R.L. MicroRNA-34a functions as a potential tumor suppressor by inducing apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene 2007, 26, 5017–5022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yamakuchi, M.; Ferlito, M.; Lowenstein, C.J. miR-34a repression of SIRT1 regulates apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 13421–13426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kang, L.; Mao, J.; Tao, Y.; Song, B.; Ma, W.; Lu, Y.; Zhao, L.; Li, J.; Yang, B.; Li, L. MicroRNA-34a suppresses the breast cancer stem cell-like characteristics by downregulating Notch1 pathway. Cancer Sci. 2015, 106, 700–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guarnieri, A.L.; Towers, C.G.; Drasin, D.J.; Oliphant, M.U.J.; Andrysik, Z.; Hotz, T.J.; Vartuli, R.L.; Linklater, E.S.; Pandey, A.; Khanal, S.; et al. The miR-106b-25 cluster mediates breast tumor initiation through activation of NOTCH1 via direct repression of NEDD4L. Oncogene 2018, 37, 3879–3893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.J.; Guo, Y.Q.; Tan, G.; Dong, L.; Cheng, L.; Li, K.J.; Wang, Z.Y.; Luo, H.F. miR-125b regulates side population in breast cancer and confers a chemoresistant phenotype. J. Cell. Biochem. 2013, 114, 2248–2257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Yu, Y.; Tsuyada, A.; Ren, X.; Wu, X.; Stubblefield, K.; Rankin-Gee, E.K.; Wang, S.E. Transforming growth factor-beta regulates the sphere-initiating stem cell-like feature in breast cancer through miRNA-181 and ATM. Oncogene 2011, 30, 1470–1480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Niu, J.; Xue, A.; Chi, Y.; Xue, J.; Wang, W.; Zhao, Z.; Fan, M.; Yang, C.H.; Shao, Z.M.; Pfeffer, L.M.; et al. Induction of miRNA-181a by genotoxic treatments promotes chemotherapeutic resistance and metastasis in breast cancer. Oncogene 2016, 35, 1302–1313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kastrati, I.; Canestrari, E.; Frasor, J. PHLDA1 expression is controlled by an estrogen receptor-NFkappaB-miR-181 regulatory loop and is essential for formation of ER+ mammospheres. Oncogene 2015, 34, 2309–2316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Min, S.; Li, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Liang, X.; Xie, Y.; He, Q.; Li, Y.; Sun, J.; Liu, Q.; et al. TGF-beta-associated miR-27a inhibits dendritic cell-mediated differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells by TAB3, p38 MAPK, MAP2K4 and MAP2K7. Genes. Immun. 2012, 13, 621–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chandran, P.A.; Keller, A.; Weinmann, L.; Seida, A.A.; Braun, M.; Andreev, K.; Fischer, B.; Horn, E.; Schwinn, S.; Junker, M.; et al. The TGF-beta-inducible miR-23a cluster attenuates IFN-gamma levels and antigen-specific cytotoxicity in human CD8(+) T cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2014, 96, 633–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xie, N.; Cui, H.; Banerjee, S.; Tan, Z.; Salomao, R.; Fu, M.; Abraham, E.; Thannickal, V.J.; Liu, G. miR-27a regulates inflammatory response of macrophages by targeting IL-10. J. Immunol. 2014, 193, 327–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tang, W.; Yu, F.; Yao, H.; Cui, X.; Jiao, Y.; Lin, L.; Chen, J.; Yin, D.; Song, E.; Liu, Q. miR-27a regulates endothelial differentiation of breast cancer stem like cells. Oncogene 2014, 33, 2629–2638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- GENECODE. Available online: https://www.gencodegenes.org (accessed on 3 February 2020).
- Klinge, C.M. Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer: Intracellular and Intercellular Communication. Noncoding RNA 2018, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kong, X.; Liu, W.; Kong, Y. Roles and expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs in triple-negative breast cancers. J. Cell Mol. Med. 2018, 22, 390–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Balas, M.M.; Johnson, A.M. Exploring the mechanisms behind long noncoding RNAs and cancer. Noncoding RNA Res. 2018, 3, 108–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pecero, M.L.; Salvador-Bofill, J.; Molina-Pinelo, S. Long non-coding RNAs as monitoring tools and therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Cell Oncol. (Dordr.) 2019, 42, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, S.; Zhu, J.; Wang, F.; Guan, Z.; Ge, Y.; Yang, X.; Cai, J. LncRNAs and their role in cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 110685–110692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huan, J.; Xing, L.; Lin, Q.; Xui, H.; Qin, X. Long noncoding RNA CRNDE activates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway through acting as a molecular sponge of microRNA-136 in human breast cancer. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2017, 9, 1977–1989. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Zhang, H.; Cai, K.; Wang, J.; Wang, X.; Cheng, K.; Shi, F.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Dou, J. MiR-7, inhibited indirectly by lincRNA HOTAIR, directly inhibits SETDB1 and reverses the EMT of breast cancer stem cells by downregulating the STAT3 pathway. Stem Cells 2014, 32, 2858–2868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, J.; Yang, M.; Jiang, R.; An, N.; Wang, X.; Liu, B. Long Non-Coding RNA HOTAIR Regulates the Proliferation, Self-Renewal Capacity, Tumor Formation and Migration of the Cancer Stem-Like Cell (CSC) Subpopulation Enriched from Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0170860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Peng, F.; Li, T.T.; Wang, K.L.; Xiao, G.Q.; Wang, J.H.; Zhao, H.D.; Kang, Z.J.; Fan, W.J.; Zhu, L.L.; Li, M.; et al. H19/let-7/LIN28 reciprocal negative regulatory circuit promotes breast cancer stem cell maintenance. Cell Death Dis. 2017, 8, e2569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Peng, F.; Wang, J.H.; Fan, W.J.; Meng, Y.T.; Li, M.M.; Li, T.T.; Cui, B.; Wang, H.F.; Zhao, Y.; An, F.; et al. Glycolysis gatekeeper PDK1 reprograms breast cancer stem cells under hypoxia. Oncogene 2018, 37, 1119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lu, G.; Li, Y.; Ma, Y.; Lu, J.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Qin, Q.; Zhao, L.; Huang, Q.; Luo, Z.; et al. Long noncoding RNA LINC00511 contributes to breast cancer tumourigenesis and stemness by inducing the miR-185-3p/E2F1/Nanog axis. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018, 37, 289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tu, Z.; Schmollerl, J.; Cuiffo, B.G.; Karnoub, A.E. Microenvironmental Regulation of Long Noncoding RNA LINC01133 Promotes Cancer Stem Cell-Like Phenotypic Traits in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. Stem Cells 2019, 37, 1281–1292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vidovic, D.; Huynh, T.T.; Konda, P.; Dean, C.; Cruickshank, B.M.; Sultan, M.; Coyle, K.M.; Gujar, S.; Marcato, P. ALDH1A3-regulated long non-coding RNA NRAD1 is a potential novel target for triple-negative breast tumors and cancer stem cells. Cell Death Differ. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loewer, S.; Cabili, M.N.; Guttman, M.; Loh, Y.H.; Thomas, K.; Park, I.H.; Garber, M.; Curran, M.; Onder, T.; Agarwal, S.; et al. Large intergenic non-coding RNA-RoR modulates reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat. Genet. 2010, 42, 1113–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Jiang, J.; Xu, C.; Kang, J.; Xiao, L.; Wu, M.; Xiong, J.; Guo, X.; Liu, H. Endogenous miRNA sponge lincRNA-RoR regulates Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 in human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Dev. Cell 2013, 25, 69–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guttman, M.; Donaghey, J.; Carey, B.W.; Garber, M.; Grenier, J.K.; Munson, G.; Young, G.; Lucas, A.B.; Ach, R.; Bruhn, L.; et al. lincRNAs act in the circuitry controlling pluripotency and differentiation. Nature 2011, 477, 295–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shang, M.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, Z.; Wang, T.; Liu, R. LincRNA-ROR promotes metastasis and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by regulating miR-145/FSCN1. Onco. Targets Ther. 2018, 11, 639–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lu, P.W.; Li, L.; Wang, F.; Gu, Y.T. Inhibitory role of large intergenic noncoding RNA-ROR on tamoxifen resistance in the endocrine therapy of breast cancer by regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Cell Physiol. 2019, 234, 1904–1912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eades, G.; Wolfson, B.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Q.; Yao, Y.; Zhou, Q. lincRNA-RoR and miR-145 regulate invasion in triple-negative breast cancer via targeting ARF6. Mol. Cancer Res. 2015, 13, 330–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hou, P.; Zhao, Y.; Li, Z.; Yao, R.; Ma, M.; Gao, Y.; Zhao, L.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, B.; Lu, J. LincRNA-ROR induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and contributes to breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cell Death Dis. 2014, 5, e1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, Y.M.; Liu, Y.; Wei, H.Y.; Lv, K.Z.; Fu, P. Linc-ROR induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and contributes to drug resistance and invasion of breast cancer cells. Tumour. Biol. 2016, 37, 10861–10870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, L.; Tu, J.; Cheng, F.; Yang, H.; Yu, F.; Wang, M.; Liu, J.; Fan, J.; Zhou, G. Long noncoding RNA ROR promotes breast cancer by regulating the TGF-beta pathway. Cancer Cell Int. 2018, 18, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, H.Y.; Liang, F.; Zhang, J.W.; Wang, F.; Wang, L.; Kang, X.G. Effects of long noncoding RNA-ROR on tamoxifen resistance of breast cancer cells by regulating microRNA-205. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2017, 79, 327–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Jiang, B.; Zhu, H.; Qu, X.; Zhao, L.; Tan, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Liao, M.; Wu, X. Inhibition of long non-coding RNA ROR reverses resistance to Tamoxifen by inducing autophagy in breast cancer. Tumour. Biol. 2017, 39, 1010428317705790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zheng, A.; Song, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, L.; Mao, X.; Wei, M.; Jin, F. Long non-coding RNA LUCAT1/miR-5582-3p/TCF7L2 axis regulates breast cancer stemness via Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019, 38, 305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, M.; Hou, Y.; Yang, G.; Zhang, H.; Tu, G.; Du, Y.E.; Wen, S.; Xu, L.; Tang, X.; Tang, S.; et al. LncRNA-Hh Strengthen Cancer Stem Cells Generation in Twist-Positive Breast Cancer via Activation of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. Stem Cells 2016, 34, 55–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ma, F.; Liu, X.; Zhou, S.; Li, W.; Liu, C.; Chadwick, M.; Qian, C. Long non-coding RNA FGF13-AS1 inhibits glycolysis and stemness properties of breast cancer cells through FGF13-AS1/IGF2BPs/Myc feedback loop. Cancer Lett. 2019, 450, 63–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keshavarz, M.; Asadi, M.H. Long non-coding RNA ES1 controls the proliferation of breast cancer cells by regulating the Oct4/Sox2/miR-302 axis. FEBS J. 2019, 286, 2611–2623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shin, V.Y.; Chen, J.; Cheuk, I.W.; Siu, M.T.; Ho, C.W.; Wang, X.; Jin, H.; Kwong, A. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 confers oncogenic role in triple-negative breast cancer through modulating chemoresistance and cancer stemness. Cell Death Dis. 2019, 10, 270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Youness, R.A.; Gad, M.Z. Long non-coding RNAs: Functional regulatory players in breast cancer. Noncoding RNA Res. 2019, 4, 36–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansji, H.; Leung, E.Y.; Baguley, B.C.; Finlay, G.J.; Askarian-Amiri, M.E. Keeping abreast with long non-coding RNAs in mammary gland development and breast cancer. Front Genet. 2014, 5, 379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, Z.; Hou, P.; Fan, D.; Dong, M.; Ma, M.; Li, H.; Yao, R.; Li, Y.; Wang, G.; Geng, P.; et al. The degradation of EZH2 mediated by lncRNA ANCR attenuated the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Cell Death Differ. 2017, 24, 59–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, W.; Chen, F.; Cui, X.; Yang, L.; Chen, J.; Zhao, J.; Huang, D.; Liu, J.; Yang, L.; Zeng, J.; et al. LncRNA NKILA suppresses TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition by blocking NF-kappaB signaling in breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2018, 143, 2213–2224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Yang, B.; Zhang, M.; Guo, W.; Wu, Z.; Wang, Y.; Jia, L.; Li, S.; The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network; Xie, W.; et al. lncRNA Epigenetic Landscape Analysis Identifies EPIC1 as an Oncogenic lncRNA that Interacts with MYC and Promotes Cell-Cycle Progression in Cancer. Cancer Cell 2018, 33, 706–720.e9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barsyte-Lovejoy, D.; Lau, S.K.; Boutros, P.C.; Khosravi, F.; Jurisica, I.; Andrulis, I.L.; Tsao, M.S.; Penn, L.Z. The c-Myc oncogene directly induces the H19 noncoding RNA by allele-specific binding to potentiate tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 5330–5337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Si, X.; Zang, R.; Zhang, E.; Liu, Y.; Shi, X.; Zhang, E.; Shao, L.; Li, A.; Yang, N.; Han, X.; et al. LncRNA H19 confers chemoresistance in ERalpha-positive breast cancer through epigenetic silencing of the pro-apoptotic gene BIK. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 81452–81462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Meseure, D.; Vacher, S.; Lallemand, F.; Alsibai, K.D.; Hatem, R.; Chemlali, W.; Nicolas, A.; De Koning, L.; Pasmant, E.; Callens, C.; et al. Prognostic value of a newly identified MALAT1 alternatively spliced transcript in breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2016, 114, 1395–1404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cai, Y.; He, J.; Zhang, D. Suppression of long non-coding RNA CCAT2 improves tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells’ response to tamoxifen. Mol. Biol. (Mosk.) 2016, 50, 821–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, C.; Luo, J. Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) Urothelial Carcinoma-Associated 1 (UCA1) Enhances Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells via Inhibiting mTOR Signaling Pathway. Med. Sci. Monit. 2016, 22, 3860–3867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Saunders-Hastings, P.; Reisman, J.; Krewski, D. Assessing the State of Knowledge Regarding the Effectiveness of Interventions to Contain Pandemic Influenza Transmission: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0168262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, W.; Zhai, L.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Zhang, J.; Chen, W.; Wei, Q. Downregulation of LncRNA GAS5 causes trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 27778–27786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Valadi, H.; Ekstrom, K.; Bossios, A.; Sjostrand, M.; Lee, J.J.; Lotvall, J.O. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 2007, 9, 654–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wei, Y.; Lai, X.; Yu, S.; Chen, S.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Li, H.; Zhu, X.; Yao, L.; Zhang, J. Exosomal miR-221/222 enhances tamoxifen resistance in recipient ER-positive breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2014, 147, 423–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, D.D.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, X.H.; Lv, M.M.; Chen, W.X.; Chen, X.; Yang, S.J.; Shen, H.; Zhong, S.L.; Tang, J.H.; et al. Exosomes from adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells transmit drug resistance partly by delivering miR-222. Tumour. Biol. 2016, 37, 3227–3235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.X.; Cai, Y.Q.; Lv, M.M.; Chen, L.; Zhong, S.L.; Ma, T.F.; Zhao, J.H.; Tang, J.H. Exosomes from docetaxel-resistant breast cancer cells alter chemosensitivity by delivering microRNAs. Tumour. Biol. 2014, 35, 9649–9659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.X.; Liu, X.M.; Lv, M.M.; Chen, L.; Zhao, J.H.; Zhong, S.L.; Ji, M.H.; Hu, Q.; Luo, Z.; Wu, J.Z.; et al. Exosomes from drug-resistant breast cancer cells transmit chemoresistance by a horizontal transfer of microRNAs. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e95240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mao, L.; Li, J.; Chen, W.X.; Cai, Y.Q.; Yu, D.D.; Zhong, S.L.; Zhao, J.H.; Zhou, J.W.; Tang, J.H. Exosomes decrease sensitivity of breast cancer cells to adriamycin by delivering microRNAs. Tumour. Biol. 2016, 37, 5247–5256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Q.; Peng, F.; Chen, J. The Role of Exosomal MicroRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Melo, S.A.; Sugimoto, H.; O’Connell, J.T.; Kato, N.; Villanueva, A.; Vidal, A.; Qiu, L.; Vitkin, E.; Perelman, L.T.; Melo, C.A.; et al. Cancer exosomes perform cell-independent microRNA biogenesis and promote tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2014, 26, 707–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vaupel, P.; Mayer, A. Hypoxia in cancer: significance and impact on clinical outcome. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007, 26, 225–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hashimoto, K.; Ochi, H.; Sunamura, S.; Kosaka, N.; Mabuchi, Y.; Fukuda, T.; Yao, K.; Kanda, H.; Ae, K.; Okawa, A.; et al. Cancer-secreted hsa-miR-940 induces an osteoblastic phenotype in the bone metastatic microenvironment via targeting ARHGAP1 and FAM134A. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 2018, 115, 2204–2209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Turchinovich, A.; Samatov, T.R.; Tonevitsky, A.G.; Burwinkel, B. Circulating miRNAs: cell-cell communication function? Front Genet. 2013, 4, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, M.; Zhou, Y.; Xia, T.; Zhou, X.; Huang, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhu, W.; Ding, Q.; Wang, S. Circulating microRNAs from the miR-106a-363 cluster on chromosome X as novel diagnostic biomarkers for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2018, 170, 257–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eichelser, C.; Stuckrath, I.; Muller, V.; Milde-Langosch, K.; Wikman, H.; Pantel, K.; Schwarzenbach, H. Increased serum levels of circulating exosomal microRNA-373 in receptor-negative breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2014, 5, 9650–9663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kong, X.; Zhang, J.; Li, J.; Shao, J.; Fang, L. MiR-130a-3p inhibits migration and invasion by regulating RAB5B in human breast cancer stem cell-like cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018, 501, 486–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.X.; Cheng, L.; Pan, M.; Qian, Q.; Zhu, Y.L.; Xu, L.Y.; Ding, Q. D Rhamnose beta-Hederin against human breast cancer by reducing tumor-derived exosomes. Oncol Lett. 2018, 16, 5172–5178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jang, J.Y.; Lee, J.K.; Jeon, Y.K.; Kim, C.W. Exosome derived from epigallocatechin gallate treated breast cancer cells suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization. BMC Cancer 2013, 13, 421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, J.; Zhang, H.D.; Yao, Y.F.; Zhong, S.L.; Zhao, J.H.; Tang, J.H. beta-Elemene Reverses Chemoresistance of Breast Cancer Cells by Reducing Resistance Transmission via Exosomes. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 2015, 36, 2274–2286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wei, Y.; Li, M.; Cui, S.; Wang, D.; Zhang, C.Y.; Zen, K.; Li, L. Shikonin Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cells by Reducing Tumor-Derived Exosomes. Molecules 2016, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hannafon, B.N.; Carpenter, K.J.; Berry, W.L.; Janknecht, R.; Dooley, W.C.; Ding, W.Q. Exosome-mediated microRNA signaling from breast cancer cells is altered by the anti-angiogenesis agent docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Mol. Cancer 2015, 14, 133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- O’Brien, K.P.; Khan, S.; Gilligan, K.E.; Zafar, H.; Lalor, P.; Glynn, C.; O’Flatharta, C.; Ingoldsby, H.; Dockery, P.; De Bhulbh, A.; et al. Employing mesenchymal stem cells to support tumor-targeted delivery of extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated microRNA-379. Oncogene 2018, 37, 2137–2149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bliss, S.A.; Sinha, G.; Sandiford, O.A.; Williams, L.M.; Engelberth, D.J.; Guiro, K.; Isenalumhe, L.L.; Greco, S.J.; Ayer, S.; Bryan, M.; et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Stimulate Cycling Quiescence and Early Breast Cancer Dormancy in Bone Marrow. Cancer Res. 2016, 76, 5832–5844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Roma-Rodrigues, C.; Pereira, F.; Alves de Matos, A.P.; Fernandes, M.; Baptista, P.V.; Fernandes, A.R. Smuggling gold nanoparticles across cell types—A new role for exosomes in gene silencing. Nanomedicine 2017, 13, 1389–1398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naseri, Z.; Oskuee, R.K.; Jaafari, M.R.; Forouzandeh Moghadam, M. Exosome-mediated delivery of functionally active miRNA-142-3p inhibitor reduces tumorigenicity of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2018, 13, 7727–7747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jin, H.; Yu, Y.; Chrisler, W.B.; Xiong, Y.; Hu, D.; Lei, C. Delivery of MicroRNA-10b with Polylysine Nanoparticles for Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Wound Healing. Breast Cancer (Auckl.) 2012, 6, 9–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devulapally, R.; Sekar, N.M.; Sekar, T.V.; Foygel, K.; Massoud, T.F.; Willmann, J.K.; Paulmurugan, R. Polymer nanoparticles mediated codelivery of antimiR-10b and antimiR-21 for achieving triple negative breast cancer therapy. ACS Nano. 2015, 9, 2290–2302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Deng, X.; Cao, M.; Zhang, J.; Hu, K.; Yin, Z.; Zhou, Z.; Xiao, X.; Yang, Y.; Sheng, W.; Wu, Y.; et al. Hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles for co-delivery of MiR-34a and doxorubicin in therapy against triple negative breast cancer. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 4333–4344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ekin, A.; Karatas, O.F.; Culha, M.; Ozen, M. Designing a gold nanoparticle-based nanocarrier for microRNA transfection into the prostate and breast cancer cells. J. Gene Med. 2014, 16, 331–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhi, F.; Dong, H.; Jia, X.; Guo, W.; Lu, H.; Yang, Y.; Ju, H.; Zhang, X.; Hu, Y. Functionalized graphene oxide mediated adriamycin delivery and miR-21 gene silencing to overcome tumor multidrug resistance in vitro. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e60034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hydbring, P.; Wang, Y.; Fassl, A.; Li, X.; Matia, V.; Otto, T.; Choi, Y.J.; Sweeney, K.E.; Suski, J.M.; Yin, H.; et al. Cell-Cycle-Targeting MicroRNAs as Therapeutic Tools against Refractory Cancers. Cancer Cell 2017, 31, 576–590.e8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
miRNA | Type | Expression Level | Targets | Pathways | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-31 | TsmiR | ↑/↓ | ITGA5, RDX, RHOA | Metastasis | [112,113] |
miR-145 | TsmiR | ↓ | MUC1, ERA, RTKN | Proliferation, Apoptosis, Invasion | [114,115,116] |
miR-155 | TsmiR | ↑ | FOXO3A, RHOA, SOCS1 | STAT3, Proliferation, TGFβ Signaling | [117,118,119] |
miR-21 | OncomiR | ↑ | BCL2, PTEN, MMP3, TPM1, MASPIN, PDCD4, RHOB | EMT, Apoptosis, Invasion, Migration, Inflammatory Signals | [120,121,122,123,124] |
miR-125b | TsmiR | ↑/↓ | BAK1, ERA, HER2, CRAF, RTKN, MUC1 | Migration, Proliferation, Apoptosis | [125,126,127] |
miR-10b | OncomiR | ↑/↓ | HDAC4, TIAM, HOXD10, EMT | EMT, Metastasis, Invasion | [128,129,130] |
miR-205 | TsmiR | ↓ | HER3, VEGFA, EMT | Proliferation, Invasion | [131,132,133] |
miR-210 | OncomiR | ↑ | MNT, RAD52 | Hypoxia | [134,135] |
miR-196A | OncomiR | ↑ | ANXA1 | Proliferation, Apoptosis, | [136] |
miR-944 | OncomiR | ↑ | BNIP3 | Cell Proliferation, Migration, Invasion | [137] |
miR-222 | OncomiR | ↑ | PTEN | PTEN, Akt/FOXP1 | [138] |
miR-3646 | OncomiR | ↑ | GSK-3β | β Catenin | [139] |
miR-34A | OncomiR | ↑ | BCL2, CCND1 | Apoptosis | [140] |
miR-141 | OncomiR | ↑ | EIF4E | Apoptosis | [141] |
miR-520h | OncomiR | ↑ | DAPK2 | PI3K/Akt | [142] |
miR-34 | TsmiR | ↓ | BCL2, NOTCH | Apoptosis, NOTCH | [143] |
miR-146 | TsmiR | ↓ | NFkB | Inflammatory Signals | [144] |
miR-7 | TsmiR | ↓ | EGFR | EGFR | [145] |
miR-22 | TsmiR | ↓ | HER3, CDK6, ERα, CDC25C, SP1 | Estrogen Signaling | [146] |
miR-221 | TsmiR | ↑ | P27, P57 | Wnt/β-catenin | [147] |
miR-191 | OncomiR | ↑ | SATB1, CDK6, BDNF | Estrogen Signaling | [148] |
miR-196A | OncomiR | ↑ | ANXA1 | Apoptosis | [136] |
miR-335 | TsmiR | ↑ | SOX4, TNC, PTPRN2, MERTK | Metastasis | [149] |
miR-20 | OncomiR | ↑ | E2F | Proliferation | [150] |
miR-9 | TsmiR | ↑ | LIFR, E-CADHERIN | EMT, Hippo-YAP | [151,152] |
miR-126 | TsmiR | ↓ | VEGFA and PIK3R2 | VEGF/PI3K/AKT | [153] |
miR-98 | TsmiR | ↑ | ALK4 and MMP11 | Angiogenesis, Invasion | [154] |
miR-148a/152 | TsmiR | ↓ | DNMT1, IGF-IR and IRS1 | IGF-IR/PKM2 | [155] |
miR-519c | TsmiR | ↓ | HIF-1α | Hypoxia | [156] |
miR-10b | OncomiR | ↑ | HOXD10 | Hox pathway | [157] |
miR-140-5p | TsmiR | ↓ | VEGFA | Metastasis, Angiogenesis | [158] |
miR-494 | TsmiR | ↑ | PTEN | Akt, NF-kB, mTOR | [159] |
miR-206 | TsmiR | ↓ | VEGF, MAPK3, and SOX9 | Invasion, Angiogenesis | [160] |
miR-19a | OncomiR | ↑ | PTEN | Oncogenic PTEN Cell proliferation, Th1 immune response | [161] |
miR-17-92 | TsmiR | ↓ | HIF-1α | Hypoxia, Angiogenesis. | [162] |
miR-467 | OncomiR | ↑ | TSP-1 | Angiogenesis | [163,164] |
miR-18 | OncomiR | ↑ | SMAD7 | EMT, Metastasis | [165] |
miR-143 | OncomiR | ↑ | FOSL2 | EMT, Metastasis | [165] |
miR-196B | OncomiR | ↑ | HOXD10 | Hox pathway | [157] |
miR-200 | OncomiR | ↑ | ZEB1, ZEB2 | EMT | [165] |
miR-205 | TsmiR | ↓ | YAP1 | miR-205/YAP1, Angiogenesis, Metastasis | [166] |
miR-892b | TsmiR | ↑ | TRAF2, TAK1, and TAB3 | NF-kB | [167] |
miR-210 RAD52 | OncomiR | ↑ | RAD52 | Invasion, Proliferation, Migration | [168] |
mirR-155 | OncomiR | ↑ | SOC6 | STAT3 signaling | [169] |
miR-451 | OncomiR | ↑ | Bcl-2 | Apoptosis | [170] |
miR-100 | OncomiR | ↑ | mTOR | Cell proliferation, Survival | [171] |
miR-139-5p | OncomiR | ↑ | Notch1 | Cell growth, Apoptosis | [172] |
miR-214 | OncomiR | ↑ | UCP2 | Autophagy | [173] |
miR-16 | OncomiR | ↑ | CCNJ, FUBP1 | PI3K/Akt | [174] |
miR-199a-3p | TsmiR | ↑ | TFAM | Mitochondrial Biogenesis | [175] |
miR-302b | TsmiR | ↑ | E2F1 | E2f1-ATM axis | [176] |
miR-218 | TsmiR | ↑ | BRCA1 | DNA repair, Cell proliferation, Invasion | [177] |
miR-638 | TsmiR | ↑ | BRCA1 | DNA repair, Cell proliferation, Invasion | [178] |
miR-29A | OncomiR | ↑ | PTEN | Apoptosis | [179] |
miR-129-3p | OncomiR | ↑ | CP110 | Apoptosis \, Cell Cycle, Cell Proliferation | [180] |
miR-19 | OncomiR | ↓ | Tissue factor | Angiogenesis, Metastasis | [181] |
lncRNA | Type | Expression Level | Targets | Pathways | Reference PMID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEG 3 | Tumor suppressor | ↓ | p53 | p53 | [228] |
HOTAIR | Oncogene | ↑ | BRCA1, PTEN | PI3K/AKT-BAD pathway, HOXD10 | [229] |
ACNR | Tumor suppressor | ↓ | TGF-β | Metastasis, Invasion | [230] |
PTENP1 | Tumor suppressor | ↓ | PTEN | Apoptosis | [228] |
NKILA | Oncogene | ↓ | NF-kB | EMT | [231] |
EPIC 1 | Oncogene | ↑ | Myc | Cell Cycle | [232] |
PLNCRNA-1 | Oncogene | ↓ | TGF-β | Apoptosis, Metastasis, Invasion | [228] |
H19 | Oncogene | ↑ | C-myc | AKT, BIK | [233,234] |
MALAT-1 | Oncogene | ↑/↓ | AKT, p53 | APOPTOSIS | [235] |
LINK-A | Oncogene | ↑ | HIF-1α | Hypoxia Pathway | [228] |
CCAT2 | Oncogene | ↑ | ERK | MAPK | [236] |
PVT-1 | Oncogene | ↑ | KLF-5,β-Catenin | WNT/β-Catenin | [228] |
UCA1 | Oncogene | ↑ | mTOR,β-Catenin | mTOR, WNT/ β-Catenin | [237,238] |
GAS5 | Tumor suppressor | ↓ | PTEN | Apoptosis | [239] |
BCAR4 | Oncogene | ↑ | SNIP1, PNUTS | Hedgehog /GLI 2 Signaling Transduction | [228] |
NEAT | Oncogene | ↑ | ZEB1, RAS | RAS, MAPK, RSF1 | [227] |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Prabhu, K.S.; Raza, A.; Karedath, T.; Raza, S.S.; Fathima, H.; Ahmed, E.I.; Kuttikrishnan, S.; Therachiyil, L.; Kulinski, M.; Dermime, S.; et al. Non-Coding RNAs as Regulators and Markers for Targeting of Breast Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers 2020, 12, 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020351
Prabhu KS, Raza A, Karedath T, Raza SS, Fathima H, Ahmed EI, Kuttikrishnan S, Therachiyil L, Kulinski M, Dermime S, et al. Non-Coding RNAs as Regulators and Markers for Targeting of Breast Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers. 2020; 12(2):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020351
Chicago/Turabian StylePrabhu, Kirti S., Afsheen Raza, Thasni Karedath, Syed Shadab Raza, Hamna Fathima, Eiman I. Ahmed, Shilpa Kuttikrishnan, Lubna Therachiyil, Michal Kulinski, Said Dermime, and et al. 2020. "Non-Coding RNAs as Regulators and Markers for Targeting of Breast Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells" Cancers 12, no. 2: 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020351