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Article

Facile Preparation of CNT/Ag2S Nanocomposites with Improved Visible and NIR Light Photocatalytic Degradation Activity and Their Catalytic Mechanism

by
Lijing Di
1,
Tao Xian
1,*,
Xiaofeng Sun
1,
Hongqin Li
1,
Yongjie Zhou
1,
Jun Ma
1 and
Hua Yang
2
1
College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Micromachines 2019, 10(8), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080503
Submission received: 28 June 2019 / Revised: 20 July 2019 / Accepted: 24 July 2019 / Published: 30 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Section D：Materials and Processing)
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Abstract

In this work, a series of carbon nanotubes (CNT)/Ag2S hybrid nanocomposites were successfully prepared by a facile precipitation method. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation indicates that Ag2S nanoparticles with an average particle size of ~25 nm are uniformly anchored on the surface of CNT. The photocatalytic activities of the CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites were investigated toward the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible and near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. It is shown that the nanocomposites exhibit obviously enhanced visible and NIR light photocatalytic activities compared with bare Ag2S nanoparticles. Moreover, the recycling photocatalytic experiment demonstrates that the CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites possess excellent photocatalytic stability. The photoelectrochemical and photoluminescence measurements reveal the efficient separation of photogenerated charges in the CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites. This is the dominant reason behind the improvement of the photocatalytic activity. Based on active species trapping experiments, the possible photocatalytic mechanism of CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites for dye degradation under visible and NIR light irradiation was proposed.

1. Introduction

Recently, photocatalysis has come to be regarded as a promising technology to solve environmental pollution and energy problems [1,2,3]. As one of the typical photocatalysts, TiO2 can only respond to ultraviolet (UV) light (less than 5% solar energy) owing to its wide bandgap (~3.2 eV), which seriously limits its application in the photocatalytic field. It is well known that visible light and near-infrared light (NIR) accounts for about 48% and 46% of solar energy, respectively [4]. In view of the effective utilization of sunlight energy, much work has focused on the development of novel photocatalysts that can respond to visible light or NIR light [5,6,7,8].
Silver sulfide (Ag2S), as an important chalcogenide, has been widely studied due to its outstanding optical limiting properties, good chemical stability and potential applications in photoconductive cells, photovoltaic cells and superionic conductors [9,10]. More importantly, Ag2S exhibits a narrow bandgap (~1.0 eV) and a large absorption coefficient, which is very suitable for the effective absorption of visible light and NIR light. These prominent properties make it a promising candidate for the photodegradation of organic pollutants and water splitting under visible and NIR light irradiation [11,12,13,14,15]. On the other hand, because of its appropriate energy-band potentials, Ag2S has been widely employed as an ideal cocatalyst to combine with other photocatalysts, thus creating efficient composite photocatalysts, such as Ag2S/BiFeO3, Ag2S/BiVO4, Ag2S/ZnO, Ag2S/Bi4Ti3O12, Ag2S/SnS2, Ag2S/Co3O4, Ag2S/g-C3N4, Ag2S/ZnS, Ag2S/CQDs/CuBi2O4, Ag2S/Ag3PO4, Ag2S/Ag2CO3 and Ag2S/TiO2 [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. Nevertheless, for the bare Ag2S, the high recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole (e−-h+) pairs restricts its photocatalytic efficiency. As a result, many routes have been used to enhance the photocatalytic activity of Ag2S [28,29,30,31,32,33].
Carbon nanomaterials (e.g., carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) and noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) have a variety of intriguing physicochemical properties and offer a wide scope of technological applications in electronic devices, biomedicine, sensors, and wave absorption [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. Moreover, due to their good carrier transport property, interesting photoluminescence (PL) up-conversion effect and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect [42,43], these nanomaterials can also be used as excellent modifiers or co-catalysts to enhance the photocatalytic performances of semiconductor photocatalysts [31,32,33,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51]. CNT can be assumed by folding single-layered graphene seamlessly into a 1D tubular structure. Owing to the unique properties of CNT, incorporation of CNT with photocatalysts is found to be an efficient route to enhance the photocatalytic activities of photocatalysts [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51]. In CNT based composites, the photogenerated electrons of photocatalysts can readily migrate to the CNT, thus promoting the separation of photogenerated charges [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51]. In previous work, Meng et al., had demonstrated the enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of CNT/Ag2S towards the degradation of Texbrite BA-L (TAB) [33]. However, the photocatalytic activity of CNT/Ag2S for the degradation of dyes under NIR light irradiation and the corresponding photocatalytic mechanism were rarely investigated. To gain insight into the photocatalytic application of CNT/Ag2S hybrid photocatalyst, further investigation of its NIR photocatalytic performance and mechanism is still necessary.
In this work, we prepared CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites through a facile precipitation method. Compared with the sintering process and hydrothermal route, this method does not need complex technological processes, such as heat treatment and hydrothermal conditioning [22,27]. The photocatalytic activities of the photocatalyst toward the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible and NIR light irradiation were investigated in detail, and the photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. We propose that this work will offer an efficient modification method for the improvement of visible and NIR light photocatalytic activity of Ag2S nanoparticles.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Fabrication of Ag2S Nanoparticles

The Ag2S nanoparticles were prepared by a precipitation method. AgNO3 (2 mmol) was added into distilled water (30 mL) under magnetic stirring (pH ~6.1). Na2S (1 mmol) was introduced into distilled water (20 mL) to form a homogeneous solution (pH ~11.7). After that, Na2S solution was added drop by drop into AgNO3 solution under vigorous magnetic stirring for 5 h, during which a black suspension was obtained (pH ~5.8). During the preparation process, the pH value of the solution was maintained at a natural condition. The obtained black product was separated by centrifugation, washed with distilled water several times, and then dried in an oven at 60 °C for 6 h.

2.2. Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)/Ag2S Nanocomposites

For the preparation of CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites (Scheme 1), a certain amount of multi-walled CNT, purchased from Nanjing XFNano Materials Tech Co. Ltd. (Nanjing, China), was introduced into distilled water (30 mL) with ultrasonic treatment and magnetic stirring to obtain a homogeneous suspension. Subsequently, AgNO3 (2 mmol) was dissolved into the CNT suspension under magnetic stirring (pH ~4.1). On the other hand, Na2S (1 mmol) was added into distilled water (20 mL) to form a uniform solution (pH ~11.8). During the above process, the pH value of the solution was maintained at a natural condition. The following precipitate process and washing/drying procedure was similar to that for Ag2S preparation. To investigate the effect of CNT content on the photocatalytic activity of CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites, a series of CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites with different mass contents of CNT (0.8%, 1.6%, 2.4% and 4.8%) were prepared. These composite samples were correspondingly termed as 0.8% CNT/Ag2S, 1.6% CNT/Ag2S, 2.4% CNT/Ag2S and 4.8% CNT/Ag2S.

2.3. Photocatalytic Activity Test

The photocatalytic activities of the photocatalyst were investigated toward the degradation of RhB separately under illumination of visible light (300 W xenon lamp with a 420 nm cut-off filter) and NIR light (300 W xenon lamp with an 800 nm cut-off filter). Typically, 0.1 g sample was added into 200 mL RhB solution (concentration: 5 mg L−1). Before photocatalytic reaction, the above mixture was magnetically stirred in the dark for 0.5 h to achieve adsorption-desorption equilibrium between the photocatalyst and RhB molecules. During the photocatalytic process, a small volume of the reaction solution was sampled at a given time interval and centrifuged to separate the photocatalyst. The concentration of RhB solution was measured by detecting the absorbance of the obtained supernate at a wavelength of ~554 nm using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer. The photocatalytic stability of the photocatalyst was evaluated by recycling degradation experiment. After each photocatalytic reaction, the photocatalyst was collected and recovered by washing and drying. The recovered photocatalyst was introduced into the new RhB solution for the next photocatalytic experiment under the same condition. To detect the active species responsible for dye degradation, the active species trapping experiment was carried out. Ethanol (10% by volume) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, 2 mM) were employed as the scavengers of hydroxyl (•OH) and photogenerated holes (h+), respectively. The trapping experimental process was performed under the same conditions as described for the above photocatalytic procedure. To examine the role of superoxide (•O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), N2 gas was bubbled into the reaction solution to expel the dissolved O2 and thus prevent the generation of •O2− and H2O2.

2.4. Characterization

The phase purity of the photocatalyst was detected by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany). The morphology observation of the photocatalyst was performed by a field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and field emission transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The composition and surface chemical states of the photocatalyst were investigated though X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Physical Electronics, Chanhassen, MN, USA). The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra of the photocatalyst were measured using a UV-vis spectrophotometer with BaSO4 as a reference (Beijing Purkinje General Instrument Co. Ltd., Beijing, China). The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the photocatalyst were obtained on a fluorescence spectrophotometer with the excitation wavelength of ~265 nm (Shimadzu RF-6000, Kyoto, Japan). Photoelectrochemical measurements were performed on a CHI 660C electrochemical workstation (Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China) equipped with a three-electrode cell configuration. The working electrode preparation and measurement procedures were the same as those reported in the literature [52]. The used electrolyte was 1 mol L−1 Na2SO4 aqueous solution, and the light source was a 300 W xenon lamp with a 420 nm cut-off filter.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) Analysis

The XRD patterns of bare Ag2S nanoparticles and the 4.8% CNT/Ag2S nanocomposite are shown in Figure 1. For the Ag2S nanoparticles, all of the diffraction peaks can be indexed to the monoclinic structure of Ag2S (JCPDS Card No. 14-0072). Notably, the XRD pattern of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S is very similar to that of the Ag2S nanoparticles and no trace of other impurities is detected, suggesting that the phase structure of Ag2S does not undergo obvious change when coupled with CNT. In addition, no characteristic diffraction peaks of CNT are observed in the XRD pattern of the nanocomposite, which is mainly due to its low content and weak diffraction intensity [48].

3.2. Optical Absorption Properties

It is noted that the optical absorption properties of semiconductors have an important effect on their performances, which can be determined by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) measurements [53,54]. The DRS spectra of Ag2S nanoparticles and CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites with different CNT contents are displayed in Figure 2. It can be seen that bare Ag2S nanoparticles exhibit strong light absorption in the entire range of the UV-vis light region. The combination of CNT with Ag2S nanoparticles leads to an enhanced light absorption in the whole wavelength range. Moreover, the absorption intensity of the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst increases with increasing CNT content.

3.3. Morphology Observations

Figure 3a,b present the SEM images of Ag2S nanoparticles, indicating that Ag2S is crystallized into sphere-like particles with an average diameter of ~25 nm. Figure 3c,d show the TEM image and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of the 4.8% CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst, revealing that Ag2S nanoparticles are uniformly anchored with CNT. The HRTEM image clearly depicts the multi-walled characteristic of CNT and obvious lattice fringes of Ag2S nanoparticles. The interplanar spacing of ~0.261 nm can be assigned to the (022) planes of Ag2S. The good coupling of Ag2S nanoparticles with CNT is beneficial for the migration of photogenerated electrons from Ag2S nanoparticles to CNT.
Elemental mapping is an important method to observe the elemental distribution and microstructure of materials [55]. Figure 4a presents the dark field scanning TEM (DF-STEM) image of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S, and the corresponding elemental maps are shown in Figure 4b–d. It is seen that the CNT presents the elemental distribution of C, and the anchored nanoparticles consist of Ag and S elements. This indicates the formation of a CNT/Ag2S hybrid structure.

3.4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis

The surface chemical states and elemental composition of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S were detected by XPS, as depicted in Figure 5. In the spectrum of Ag 3d (Figure 5a), the core-electron binding energies of Ag 3d3/2 and Ag 3d5/2 are found at 374.5 and 368.5 eV, respectively, which correspond to the characteristic peaks of Ag+ [56]. The S 2p spectrum (Figure 5b) displays two obvious fitted peaks at 162.8 and 161.5 eV, which are attributed to S 2p1/2 and S 2p3/2 of S2−, respectively. In addition, the weak peak located at ~164.5 eV belongs to the satellite peak of S 2p1/2, which is consistent with previous report [57]. The deconvoluted spectrum of C 1s is presented in Figure 5c, where the peak at 284.7 eV is assigned to the sp2 hybridized carbon (C-C) and the peak at 285.5 eV is ascribed to the defect of hybridized carbon [58].

3.5. Photocatalytic Activities

The visible and NIR light photocatalytic activities of the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst were assessed by the degradation of RhB. Figure 6a presents the concentration change of RhB photocatalyzed by the samples with visible light illumination. For comparison, the blank experiment was carried out without the addition of photocatalysts. Only a slight decrease in RhB concentration is observed after 5 h illumination, suggesting that the self-degradation of RhB under visible light irradiation can be neglected. When Ag2S nanoparticles are used as the photocatalyst, about 28.9% of RhB is degraded after visible light irradiation for 5 h, indicating that Ag2S nanoparticles exhibit weak photocatalytic activity. This phenomenon is probably attributed to the high recombination rate of photogenerated charges in pure Ag2S [11,12,13]. The combination of CNT with Ag2S nanoparticles leads to an obvious enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of Ag2S nanoparticles. After 5 h exposure, the degradation percentage of the dye over 0.8% CNT/Ag2S, 1.6% CNT/Ag2S, 2.4% CNT/Ag2S and 4.8% CNT/Ag2S is observed as ~53.2%, ~72.4%, ~88.5% and ~77.5%, respectively. It is found that when the content of CNT is increased from 0.8% to 2.4%, the photodegradation percentage of the dye is gradually raised. The 2.4% CNT/Ag2S composite exhibits the optimal degradation percentage. However, further increasing the content of CNT leads to the decreased photoactivity of the resultant composites. This could be attributed to the fact that the excessive CNT may shield the light, thus decreasing the photon absorption of the photocatalysts [48]. The photocatalytic reaction process can be fitted by the first-order kinetic equation Ln (C0/Ct) = kappt [59], as shown in Figure 6b. It is found that the 2.4% CNT/Ag2S composite exhibits the highest apparent first-order reaction rate constant, kapp, which is about 5.9 times higher than that for bare Ag2S nanoparticles. Compared with graphene-modified Ag2S, the visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity Ag2S can be much improved by the decoration of CNT [32].
Figure 6c displays the variation of RhB concentration as a function of NIR light irradiation over the samples. It is seen that the samples also manifest an important NIR photodegradation activity. Photocatalyzed by the optimal 2.4% CNT/Ag2S composite with 5 h of NIR light exposure, ~59.8% of RhB is observed to be degraded. Photodegradation kinetics analysis, as shown in Figure 6d, implies that the 2.4% CNT/Ag2S composite has a NIR light photocatalytic activity about 5.4 times higher than that of bare Ag2S nanoparticles. Figure 6e,f illustrate the time-dependent absorption spectra of the RhB solution photocatalyzed by 2.4% CNT/Ag2S with irradiation of visible light and NIR light, respectively. The decreased absorption intensity of the RhB solution with irradiation time further confirms the photodegradation of RhB under both visible and NIR light irradiation.
In addition to the photocatalytic activity, recyclability of photocatalysts is considered to be another important criterion for their practical application. The reusability of 2.4% CNT/Ag2S was examined by the recycling photocatalytic degradation of RhB separately under visible and NIR light irradiation. As shown in Figure 7a, after three consecutive cycles of photocatalytic reaction, no obvious decrease of the RhB degradation percentage is detected. To further evaluate the structural and morphological stability of 2.4% CNT/Ag2S after recycling photocatalytic reaction, the TEM observation, XPS detection and XRD characterization were carried out. The XRD pattern in Figure 7b demonstrates that Ag2S undergoes no detectable structural change and remains the monoclinic structure. The XPS spectrum of Ag 3d for the recovered 2.4% CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst (Figure 7c) suggests that the Ag2S in the composite is stable without being reduced after consecutive photocatalytic reaction, and the similar report can be found in other literature [60]. The TEM image (Figure 7d) shows that Ag2S nanoparticles are still well anchored onto CNT, and no obvious exfoliate phenomenon is observed. The above results reveal that the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst exhibits good photocatalytic and structural stability.

3.6. Photogenerated Charge Behavior

It is well known that the photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts is highly related to their photogenerated charges behavior. Transient photocurrent response, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and PL spectroscopy are useful methods to investigate the separation behavior of photoinduced charges [61,62]. Figure 8a presents the photocurrent response plots of Ag2S and 2.4% CNT/Ag2S under intermittent visible light irradiation. It can be seen that both the samples exhibit fast photocurrent responses with on-off cycles. The photocurrent value of 2.4% CNT/Ag2S is much higher than that of bare Ag2S, indicating that the introduction of CNT promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes in Ag2S. Figure 8b shows the EIS spectra of the samples, indicating that 2.4% CNT/Ag2S exhibits a smaller impedance arc radius than that of bare Ag2S. This reveals a higher efficiency of charge transfer in the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst. The PL spectra of Ag2S and 2.4% CNT/Ag2S are shown in Figure 8c. An obvious emission peak is observed at ~363 nm for both the samples, which is probably attributed to the recombination of photogenerated charges. The 2.4% CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst exhibits a relatively weak PL emission peak compared with bare Ag2S, which further confirms the efficient separation of photogenerated charges in the composite.

3.7. Photocatalytic Mechanisms

To clarify the photocatalytic mechanism of the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst, active species trapping experiments were performed to determine the main active species involved in the photocatalytic reaction, as shown in Figure 9. Under visible light irradiation, the introduction of ethanol results in a slight decrease of degradation percentage, suggesting that •OH plays a minor role in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB. In contrast, the photocatalytic degradation of RhB obviously decreases with the addition of EDTA, which indicates that h+ is the major active species responsible for the degradation of the dye. •O2− and H2O2, generally generated from the reaction between photogenerated electrons and O2, could also be the active species in the photocatalytic reaction. The N2 purging can expel O2 dissolved in the solution and inhibit the generation of •O2− or H2O2. It is found that the degradation of RhB is remarkably suppressed after N2 purging, revealing that •O2− and/or H2O2 play an important role in the photocatalytic reaction. Under NIR light irradiation, a similar active species trapping behavior is observed.
The possible photocatalytic mechanism of the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst is presented in Figure 10. When the reaction system is irradiated by visible light (Figure 10a), the Ag2S nanoparticles are excited to generate electrons and holes. It is noted that the RhB molecule can also absorb visible light in the wavelength range from 500 to 600 nm (Figure 6e,f), and therefore its photosensitization effect during the visible-light photocatalytic process should be considered. In this photosensitization process, the photogenerated electrons from excited RhB molecule will transfer to the conduction band (CB) of Ag2S because the redox potential of RhB (−1.42 V vs. normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)) is negative to the CB potential of Ag2S (−0.3 V vs. NHE) [63]. On the other hand, Under NIR light irradiation (Figure 10b), only Ag2S nanoparticles can be excited, leading to the generation of electrons and holes. Whether irradiated by visible or NIR light, the recombination rate of photogenerated charges in Ag2S is high, and thus only a small fraction of them participate in the photocatalytic reaction. It is demonstrated that CNT can act as an excellent electron acceptor due to its efficient electron conductivity [37]. Therefore, after the formation of hybrid structures between Ag2S nanoparticles and CNT, the photogenerated electrons in Ag2S can easily migrate to CNT, which inhibits the recombination of photogenerated charges and leads to the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. This charge migration process is feasible from a thermodynamic point of view because the Fermi level of CNT (+0.44 V vs. NHE) is positive to the CB potential of Ag2S (−0.3 V vs. NHE) [64,65]. The photogenerated electrons in the Fermi level of CNT cannot reduce O2 to •O2− (E0(O2/•O2−) = −0.13 V vs. NHE) [66], but they can reduce O2 to produce H2O2 (E0(O2/H2O2) = +0.695 vs. NHE) [67]. This confirms that H2O2 is one of the active species responsible for the degradation of the dye, which explains the inhibition phenomenon of the dye degradation after N2 purging. Furthermore, a portion of H2O2 could transform into •OH through a series of reactions [65], which is considered to be the major route for the generation of •OH in this reaction. On the other hand, compared with the redox potential of OH−/•OH (+1.89 V vs. NHE), the photogenerated holes in the VB of Ag2S (+0.7 V vs. NHE) is not positive enough to oxidize OH− to •OH [65,68]. However, the photogenerated holes in Ag2S can directly oxide the dye, as confirmed by the active species trapping experiment.

4. Conclusions

A series of CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst with different contents of CNT have been successfully synthesized through a simple precipitation method. It is found that the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst exhibit obviously enhanced visible and NIR light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of RhB when compared with bare Ag2S nanoparticles. Moreover, the CNT/Ag2S photocatalysts are demonstrated to be stable visible and NIR light photocatalysts. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst is mainly attributed to the excellent electron-accepting ability of CNT, which can serve as an electron trap to promote the separation of photogenerated charges in Ag2S nanoparticles. The results of this study provide an efficient modification route for the enhancement of visible and NIR light photocatalytic activity of Ag2S nanoparticles, which is beneficial for their practical applications in the photocatalytic field.

Author Contributions

L.D. and T.X. contributed to the design of experiment; L.D., X.S., H.L. and Y.Z. carried out the experiments; L.D., T.X. and J.M. analyzed the results; L.D. and T.X. drafted the manuscript; H.Y. revised the manuscript. All authors commented and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51602170), the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai, China (Grant No. 2016-ZJ-954Q, 2018-ZJ-719), the “ChunHui” Program of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. Z2016075) and the Youth Science Foundation of Qinghai Normal University (Grant No. 2019zr003).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Scheme 1. The schematic illustration of preparation process for carbon nanotubes (CNT)/Ag2S nanocomposite.
Scheme 1. The schematic illustration of preparation process for carbon nanotubes (CNT)/Ag2S nanocomposite.
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Figure 1. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns of Ag2S nanoparticles and the 4.8% CNT/Ag2S composite.
Figure 1. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns of Ag2S nanoparticles and the 4.8% CNT/Ag2S composite.
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Figure 2. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) diffuse reflectance spectra of Ag2S nanoparticles and the CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites.
Figure 2. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) diffuse reflectance spectra of Ag2S nanoparticles and the CNT/Ag2S nanocomposites.
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Figure 3. (a,b) scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Ag2S nanoparticles; (c) transmission electron microscope (TEM) and (d) high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S.
Figure 3. (a,b) scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Ag2S nanoparticles; (c) transmission electron microscope (TEM) and (d) high resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S.
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Figure 4. (a) Dark field scanning TEM (DF-STEM) image of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S. (b–d) The corresponding energy dispersive X-ray elemental mapping images in the region of (a).
Figure 4. (a) Dark field scanning TEM (DF-STEM) image of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S. (b–d) The corresponding energy dispersive X-ray elemental mapping images in the region of (a).
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Figure 5. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S: (a) Ag 3d, (b) S 2p and (c) C 1s.
Figure 5. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of 4.8% CNT/Ag2S: (a) Ag 3d, (b) S 2p and (c) C 1s.
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Figure 6. (a) Photocatalytic activities and (b) kinetic fit plots of bare Ag2S and CNT/Ag2S namocomposites for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation; (c) Photocatalytic activities and (d) kinetic fit plots of the samples under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation; (e,f) The absorption spectra of RhB solution over 2.4% CNT/Ag2S under visible and NIR light irradiation, respectively.
Figure 6. (a) Photocatalytic activities and (b) kinetic fit plots of bare Ag2S and CNT/Ag2S namocomposites for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation; (c) Photocatalytic activities and (d) kinetic fit plots of the samples under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation; (e,f) The absorption spectra of RhB solution over 2.4% CNT/Ag2S under visible and NIR light irradiation, respectively.
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Figure 7. (a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB over 2.4% CNT/Ag2S during three cycles under visible and NIR light irradiation; (b) XRD pattern, (c) Ag 3d XPS spectrum and (d) TEM image of photocatalytically used 2.4% CNT/Ag2S.
Figure 7. (a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB over 2.4% CNT/Ag2S during three cycles under visible and NIR light irradiation; (b) XRD pattern, (c) Ag 3d XPS spectrum and (d) TEM image of photocatalytically used 2.4% CNT/Ag2S.
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Figure 8. (a) Photocurrent response plots, (b) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra and (c) photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Ag2S and 2.4% CNT/Ag2S.
Figure 8. (a) Photocurrent response plots, (b) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra and (c) photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Ag2S and 2.4% CNT/Ag2S.
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Figure 9. Effects of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethanol and N2 purging on the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) over 2.4% CNT/Ag2S under both visible and NIR light irradiation.
Figure 9. Effects of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethanol and N2 purging on the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) over 2.4% CNT/Ag2S under both visible and NIR light irradiation.
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Figure 10. The proposed photocatalytic mechanism of the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst towards the degradation of the dye under (a) visible and (b) NIR light irradiation.
Figure 10. The proposed photocatalytic mechanism of the CNT/Ag2S photocatalyst towards the degradation of the dye under (a) visible and (b) NIR light irradiation.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Di, L.; Xian, T.; Sun, X.; Li, H.; Zhou, Y.; Ma, J.; Yang, H. Facile Preparation of CNT/Ag2S Nanocomposites with Improved Visible and NIR Light Photocatalytic Degradation Activity and Their Catalytic Mechanism. Micromachines 2019, 10, 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080503

AMA Style

Di L, Xian T, Sun X, Li H, Zhou Y, Ma J, Yang H. Facile Preparation of CNT/Ag2S Nanocomposites with Improved Visible and NIR Light Photocatalytic Degradation Activity and Their Catalytic Mechanism. Micromachines. 2019; 10(8):503. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080503

Chicago/Turabian Style

Di, Lijing, Tao Xian, Xiaofeng Sun, Hongqin Li, Yongjie Zhou, Jun Ma, and Hua Yang. 2019. "Facile Preparation of CNT/Ag2S Nanocomposites with Improved Visible and NIR Light Photocatalytic Degradation Activity and Their Catalytic Mechanism" Micromachines 10, no. 8: 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080503

APA Style

Di, L., Xian, T., Sun, X., Li, H., Zhou, Y., Ma, J., & Yang, H. (2019). Facile Preparation of CNT/Ag2S Nanocomposites with Improved Visible and NIR Light Photocatalytic Degradation Activity and Their Catalytic Mechanism. Micromachines, 10(8), 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080503

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