Abiotic Degradation of the Toxin Simplexin by Soil Collected from a Pimelea-Infested Paddock
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Incubation of Milled P. trichostachya with Field-Collected Soil
2.2. Simplexin Degradation by Heat
2.2.1. Heating Effect on Isolated Simplexin Preadsorbed to Sand, Bentonite and Field-Collected Soil
2.2.2. Heating Effect on Milled P. trichostachya Mixed with Field-Collected Soil, Sand and Bentonite
2.3. Simplexin Breakdown Products
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. General Experimental Materials
4.2. Sample Material Collection for the Degradation Study
4.2.1. Soil
4.2.2. Plant Material
4.3. P. trichostachya Seed Collection and Simplexin Isolation from Seeds
4.4. Incubation of Milled P. trichostachya on Field-Collected Soil
4.5. Simplexin Degradation by Heat
4.5.1. Heating Effect of Isolated Simplexin Preadsorbed to Sand, Bentonite and Field-Collected Soil
4.5.2. Heating Effect on Milled P. trichostachya Mixed with Field-Collected Soil, Sand and Bentonite
4.6. Simplexin Quantification in Plant and Preadsorbed Material Samples
4.7. Simplexin Degradation Product HRAMS Analysis
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Simplexin Concentration (mg/kg Plant Material) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 0 | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 7 | |
Sterile field-collected soil + Pimelea | 85.3 ± 19.2 a | 96.4 ± 10.7 a | 101.1 ± 29.3 a | 100.1 ± 25.0 a | 104.2 ± 19.6 a | 117.1 ± 20.1 a |
Field-collected soil + Pimelea | 72.8 ± 8.1 a | 99.4 ± 6.2 a | 98.5 ± 8.8 a | 100.7 ± 13.7 a | 94.6 ± 23.7 a | 103.5 ± 22.2 a |
Molecular Formula | Species | Calculated Molecular ion (m/z) [M + H]+ | Compound |
---|---|---|---|
C30H44O8 | + H+ | 533.3109 | simplexin (1) |
C36H56O8 | + H+ | 617.4080 | PMA (2) |
C20H24O6 | + H+ | 361.1646 | polyol (3) |
C30H42O7 | + H+ | 515.3003 | monoester (4) |
C30H46O9 | + H+ | 551.3215 | pentol (5) |
C30H48O10 | + H+ | 569.3320 | monoester polyol (6) |
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Loh, Z.H.; Hungerford, N.L.; Ouwerkerk, D.; Klieve, A.V.; Fletcher, M.T. Abiotic Degradation of the Toxin Simplexin by Soil Collected from a Pimelea-Infested Paddock. Toxins 2025, 17, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030124
Loh ZH, Hungerford NL, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve AV, Fletcher MT. Abiotic Degradation of the Toxin Simplexin by Soil Collected from a Pimelea-Infested Paddock. Toxins. 2025; 17(3):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030124
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoh, Zhi Hung, Natasha L. Hungerford, Diane Ouwerkerk, Athol V. Klieve, and Mary T. Fletcher. 2025. "Abiotic Degradation of the Toxin Simplexin by Soil Collected from a Pimelea-Infested Paddock" Toxins 17, no. 3: 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030124
APA StyleLoh, Z. H., Hungerford, N. L., Ouwerkerk, D., Klieve, A. V., & Fletcher, M. T. (2025). Abiotic Degradation of the Toxin Simplexin by Soil Collected from a Pimelea-Infested Paddock. Toxins, 17(3), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030124