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Volume 13
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10.3390/toxins13070473
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Article

Integration of Complete Plasmids Containing Bont Genes into Chromosomes of Clostridium parabotulinum, Clostridium sporogenes, and Clostridium argentinense

by
Theresa J. Smith
1,†,
Renmao Tian
2,†,
Behzad Imanian
2,3,
Charles H. D. Williamson
1,
Shannon L. Johnson
4,
Hajnalka E. Daligault
4 and
Kristin M. Schill
5,*,‡
1
Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
2
Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA
3
Food Science and Nutrition, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
4
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
5
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL 60501, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
Current address: Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Toxins 2021, 13(7), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070473
Submission received: 21 May 2021 / Revised: 30 June 2021 / Accepted: 5 July 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Foodborne Botulism Outbreaks)
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Abstract

At least 40 toxin subtypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), a heterogenous group of bacterial proteins, are produced by seven different clostridial species. A key factor that drives the diversity of neurotoxigenic clostridia is the association of bont gene clusters with various genomic locations including plasmids, phages and the chromosome. Analysis of Clostridium sporogenes BoNT/B1 strain CDC 1632, C. argentinense BoNT/G strain CDC 2741, and Clostridium parabotulinum BoNT/B1 strain DFPST0006 genomes revealed bont gene clusters within plasmid-like sequences within the chromosome or nested in large contigs, with no evidence of extrachromosomal elements. A nucleotide sequence (255,474 bp) identified in CDC 1632 shared 99.5% identity (88% coverage) with bont/B1-containing plasmid pNPD7 of C. sporogenes CDC 67071; CDC 2741 contig AYSO01000020 (1.1 MB) contained a ~140 kb region which shared 99.99% identity (100% coverage) with plasmid pRSJ17_1 of C. argentinense BoNT/G strain 89G; and DFPST0006 contig JACBDK0100002 (573 kb) contained a region that shared 100% identity (99%) coverage with the bont/B1-containing plasmid pCLD of C. parabotulinum Okra. This is the first report of full-length plasmid DNA-carrying complete neurotoxin gene clusters integrated in three distinct neurotoxigenic species: C. parabotulinum, C. sporogenes and C. argentinense.
Keywords: integration; plasmids; botulinum; clostridium; parabotulinum; sporogenes; argentinense integration; plasmids; botulinum; clostridium; parabotulinum; sporogenes; argentinense

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MDPI and ACS Style

Smith, T.J.; Tian, R.; Imanian, B.; Williamson, C.H.D.; Johnson, S.L.; Daligault, H.E.; Schill, K.M. Integration of Complete Plasmids Containing Bont Genes into Chromosomes of Clostridium parabotulinum, Clostridium sporogenes, and Clostridium argentinense. Toxins 2021, 13, 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070473

AMA Style

Smith TJ, Tian R, Imanian B, Williamson CHD, Johnson SL, Daligault HE, Schill KM. Integration of Complete Plasmids Containing Bont Genes into Chromosomes of Clostridium parabotulinum, Clostridium sporogenes, and Clostridium argentinense. Toxins. 2021; 13(7):473. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070473

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smith, Theresa J., Renmao Tian, Behzad Imanian, Charles H. D. Williamson, Shannon L. Johnson, Hajnalka E. Daligault, and Kristin M. Schill. 2021. "Integration of Complete Plasmids Containing Bont Genes into Chromosomes of Clostridium parabotulinum, Clostridium sporogenes, and Clostridium argentinense" Toxins 13, no. 7: 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070473

APA Style

Smith, T. J., Tian, R., Imanian, B., Williamson, C. H. D., Johnson, S. L., Daligault, H. E., & Schill, K. M. (2021). Integration of Complete Plasmids Containing Bont Genes into Chromosomes of Clostridium parabotulinum, Clostridium sporogenes, and Clostridium argentinense. Toxins, 13(7), 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13070473

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