Antivenom Neutralization of Coagulopathic Snake Venom Toxins Assessed by Bioactivity Profiling Using Nanofractionation Analytics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Correlation of Coagulopathic Toxins to Coagulant Peaks
2.2. Effect of Nanofractionated Venom Toxins on Plasma Coagulation
2.3. Antivenom Neutralization Potency
2.4. Antivenom Cross-Reactivity
2.5. Limitations
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Chemicals
5.2. List of Venoms and Antivenoms Included in This Study
5.3. LC-MS Nanofractionation
5.4. Plasma Coagulation Activity Assay
5.5. Correlation of Coagulation Data with MS and Proteomics Data
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Peak Number | Retention Time (min) | Mascot Protein Hits | Exact Mass From MS Data | Exact Mass Calculated From Mascot Data | Toxin Class |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. asper | BA 1 | 19.1 | PA2H2_BOTAS | 13,714.5646 | 13,714.56817 | PLA2 |
BA 2 | 19.4–20.2 | PA2HA_BOTAS | 13,912.4649 | 13,896.51308 | PLA2 | |
BA 2 | 19.4–20.2 | PA2H3_BOTAS | 13,765.5812 | 13,765.58896 | PLA2 | |
BA 3 | 20.5–20.8 | PA2B3_BOTAS | 13,957.5333 | 13,957.48720 | PLA2 | |
BA 3 | 20.5–20.8 | VM2_BOTAS | - | 53,564 | SVMP | |
BA 3 | 20.5–20.8 | PA2A2_BOTAS | - | 14,194 | PLA2 | |
BA 4 | 20.6 | VSPL_BOTAS | - | 28,019 | SVSP | |
BA 4 | 20.6 | VM1B1_BOTAS | - | 45,936 | SVMP | |
BA 5 | 21.1–21.3 | SLA_BOTAS | - | 7084 | CTL | |
BA 6 | 21.7 | - | - | - | - | |
C. rhodostoma | CR 1 | 19.7–20.5 | PA2BD_CALRH | 13,665.0848 | 13,665.0237 | PLA2 |
CR 1 | 19.7–20.5 | VSPF1_CALRH | - | 26,570 | SVSP | |
CR 1 | 19.7–20.5 | SLEA_CALRH | - | 15,962 | CTL | |
CR 1 | 19.7–20.5 | SLEB_CALRH | - | 15,190 | CTL | |
CR 1 | 19.7–20.5 | PA2AB_CALRH | - | 14,352 | PLA2 | |
CR 2 | 19.6–19.7 | VSPF2_CALRH | - | 29,145 | SVSP | |
CR 3 | 20.1–20.7 | VSPF2_CALRH | - | 29,145 | SVSP | |
CR 4 | 20.8–21.2 | VSPF2_CALRH | - | 29,145 | SVSP | |
CR 4 | 20.8–21.2 | SLYA_CALRH | - | 15,796 | CTL | |
CR 5 | 21.5–21.7 | SLYA_CALRH | - | 15,796 | CTL | |
CR 5 | 21.5–21.7 | SLYB_CALRH | - | 16,770 | CTL | |
D. acutus | DA 1 | 20.6–20.9 | PA2A_DEIAC | - | 14,820 | PLA2 |
DA 1 | 20.6–20.9 | SL_DEIAC | - | 18,332 | CTL | |
DA 2 | 21.3–21.7 | SLCB_DEIAC | - | 17,133 | CTL | |
DA 2 | 21.3–21.7 | VSP1_DEIAC | - | 29,480 | SVSP | |
DA 2 | 21.3–21.7 | VSPA_DEIAC | - | 26,132 | SVSP | |
DA 2 | 21.3–21.7 | VM1AC_DEIAC | - | 47,690 | SVMP | |
DA 2 | 21.3–21.7 | VM11_DEIAC | - | 47,845 | SVMP | |
DA 2 | 21.3–21.7 | VM1H5_DEIAC | - | 46,518 | SVMP | |
DA 2 | 21.3–21.7 | VM3AK_DEIAC | - | 69,752 | SVMP | |
DA 3 | 21.8–22.1 | VM11_DEIAC | 47,845 | SVSP | ||
DA 3 | 21.8–22.1 | VM1H5_DEIAC | 46,518 | SVSP | ||
DA 4 | 22.8–23.1 | VM3A2_DEIAC | 27,151 | SVMP | ||
DA 4 | 22.8–23.1 | VM3AH_DEIAC | 70,721 | SVMP | ||
D. russelii | DRR 1 | 18.3–21.7 | PA2B8_DABRR | 13,587.2248 | 13,587.2027 | PLA2 |
DRR 1 | 18.3–21.7 | PA2B5_DABRR | 13,587 | PLA2 | ||
DRR 1 | 18.3–21.7 | PA2B3_DABRR | 13,687 | PLA2 | ||
DRR 2 | 21.6–22.4 | - | - | - | - | |
E. carinatus | EC 1 | 19.6–19.7 | PA2A1_ECHCA | - | 16,310 | PLA2 |
EC 2 | 21.9–22.3 | - | - | - | - | |
EC 3 | 22.3–22.9 | - | - | - | - | |
E. ocellatus (Nigeria) | EO 1 | 19.4–19.8 | PA2A5_ECHOC | 13,856.1382 | 13,856.0665 | PLA2 |
EO 2 | 21.8–21.9 | VM3E2_ECHOC | - | 69,426 | SVMP | |
EO 2 | 21.8–21.9 | VM3E6_ECHOC | - | 57,658 | SVMP | |
EO 2 | 21.8–21.9 | SL1_ECHOC | - | 16,601 | CTL | |
EO 2 | 21.8–21.9 | SL124_ECHOC | - | 16,882 | CTL | |
EO 3 | 22.0–23.1 | VM3E6_ECHOC | - | 57,658 | SVMP | |
EO 3 | 22.0–23.1 | SL1_ECHOC | - | 16,601 | CTL | |
EO 3 | 22.0–23.1 | SL124_ECHOC | - | 16,882 | CTL |
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Xie, C.; Slagboom, J.; Albulescu, L.-O.; Bruyneel, B.; Still, K.B.M.; Vonk, F.J.; Somsen, G.W.; Casewell, N.R.; Kool, J. Antivenom Neutralization of Coagulopathic Snake Venom Toxins Assessed by Bioactivity Profiling Using Nanofractionation Analytics. Toxins 2020, 12, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010053
Xie C, Slagboom J, Albulescu L-O, Bruyneel B, Still KBM, Vonk FJ, Somsen GW, Casewell NR, Kool J. Antivenom Neutralization of Coagulopathic Snake Venom Toxins Assessed by Bioactivity Profiling Using Nanofractionation Analytics. Toxins. 2020; 12(1):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010053
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Chunfang, Julien Slagboom, Laura-Oana Albulescu, Ben Bruyneel, Kristina B. M. Still, Freek J. Vonk, Govert W. Somsen, Nicholas R. Casewell, and Jeroen Kool. 2020. "Antivenom Neutralization of Coagulopathic Snake Venom Toxins Assessed by Bioactivity Profiling Using Nanofractionation Analytics" Toxins 12, no. 1: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010053