AFM1 Detection in Milk by Fab’ Functionalized Si3N4 Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometric Biosensors
by
Tatevik Chalyan 1,*,†,‡
, Cristina Potrich 2,3,†, Erik Schreuder 4, Floris Falke 4, Laura Pasquardini 2,§, Cecilia Pederzolli 2, Rene Heideman 4 and 
Lorenzo Pavesi 1
Tatevik Chalyan 1,*,†,‡, Cristina Potrich 2,3,†, Erik Schreuder 4, Floris Falke 4, Laura Pasquardini 2,§, Cecilia Pederzolli 2, Rene Heideman 4 and Lorenzo Pavesi 1
1
Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
2
LaBSSAH, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy
3
CNR-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica, 38123 Trento, Italy
4
LioniX International BV, 7521 AN Enschede, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡
Current address: B-PHOT Brussels Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
§
Current address: Indivenire s.r.l., 38123 Trento, Italy.
Toxins 2019, 11(7), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070409
Received: 27 May 2019 / Revised: 11 July 2019 / Accepted: 11 July 2019 / Published: 14 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxin Exposure and Related Diseases)
Aflatoxins (AF) are naturally occurring mycotoxins, produced by many species of Aspergillus. Among aflatoxins, Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is one of the most frequent and dangerous for human health. The acceptable maximum level of AFM1 in milk according to EU regulation is 50 ppt, equivalent to 152 pM, and 25 ppt, equivalent to 76 pM, for adults and infants, respectively. Here, we study a photonic biosensor based on Si N asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometers (aMZI) functionalized with Fab’ for AFM1 detection in milk samples (eluates). The minimum concentration of AFM1 detected by our aMZI sensors is 48 pM (16.8 pg/mL) in purified and concentrated milk samples. Moreover, the real-time detection of the ligand-analyte binding enables the study of the kinetics of the reaction. We measured the kinetic rate constants of the Fab’-AFM1 interaction.
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Keywords:
lab-on-chip; optical biosensors; Fab’; Aflatoxin M1; asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer; limit of detection; affinity
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MDPI and ACS Style
Chalyan, T.; Potrich, C.; Schreuder, E.; Falke, F.; Pasquardini, L.; Pederzolli, C.; Heideman, R.; Pavesi, L. AFM1 Detection in Milk by Fab’ Functionalized Si3N4 Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometric Biosensors. Toxins 2019, 11, 409.
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