15N Stable Isotope Labeling PSTs in Alexandrium minutum for Application of PSTs as Biomarker

Xie, Wancui; Li, Min; Song, Lin; Zhang, Rui; Hu, Xiaoqun; Liang, Chengzhu; Yang, Xihong

doi:10.3390/toxins11040211

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¹⁵N Stable Isotope Labeling PSTs in Alexandrium minutum for Application of PSTs as Biomarker

by

Wancui Xie

^1,2,

Min Li

¹,

Lin Song

^1,2,

Rui Zhang

³,

Xiaoqun Hu

¹,

Chengzhu Liang

⁴ and

Xihong Yang

^1,2,*

¹

College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China

²

Key Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266042, China

³

College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China

⁴

Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao 266000, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Toxins 2019, 11(4), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040211

Submission received: 27 February 2019 / Revised: 4 April 2019 / Accepted: 4 April 2019 / Published: 8 April 2019

(This article belongs to the Collection Toxicological Challenges of Aquatic Toxins)

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Abstract

The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (A. minutum) which can produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) is often used as a model to study the migration, biotransformation, accumulation, and removal of PSTs. However, the mechanism is still unclear. To provide a new tool for related studies, we tried to label PSTs metabolically with ¹⁵N stable isotope to obtain ¹⁵N-PSTs instead of original ¹⁴N, which could be treated as biomarker on PSTs metabolism. We then cultured the A. minutum AGY-H46 which produces toxins GTX1-4 in f/2 medium of different ¹⁵N/P concentrations. The ¹⁵N-PSTs’ toxicity and toxin profile were detected. Meanwhile, the ¹⁵N labeling abundance and ¹⁵N atom number of ¹⁵N-PSTs were identified. The ¹⁴N of PSTs produced by A. minutum can be successfully replaced by ¹⁵N, and the f/2 medium of standard ¹⁵N/P concentration was the best choice in terms of the species’ growth, PST profile, ¹⁵N labeling result and experiment cost. After many (>15) generations, the ¹⁵N abundance in PSTs extract reached 82.36%, and the ¹⁵N atom number introduced into GTX1-4 might be 4–6. This paper innovatively provided the initial evidence that ¹⁵N isotope application of labeling PSTs in A. minutum is feasible. The ¹⁵N-PSTs as biomarker can be applied and provide further information on PSTs metabolism.

Keywords: Alexandrium minutum; dinoflagellate; paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs); ¹⁵N stable isotope labeling; biomarker

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MDPI and ACS Style

Xie, W.; Li, M.; Song, L.; Zhang, R.; Hu, X.; Liang, C.; Yang, X. ¹⁵N Stable Isotope Labeling PSTs in Alexandrium minutum for Application of PSTs as Biomarker. Toxins 2019, 11, 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040211

AMA Style

Xie W, Li M, Song L, Zhang R, Hu X, Liang C, Yang X. ¹⁵N Stable Isotope Labeling PSTs in Alexandrium minutum for Application of PSTs as Biomarker. Toxins. 2019; 11(4):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040211

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie, Wancui, Min Li, Lin Song, Rui Zhang, Xiaoqun Hu, Chengzhu Liang, and Xihong Yang. 2019. "¹⁵N Stable Isotope Labeling PSTs in Alexandrium minutum for Application of PSTs as Biomarker" Toxins 11, no. 4: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040211

APA Style

Xie, W., Li, M., Song, L., Zhang, R., Hu, X., Liang, C., & Yang, X. (2019). ¹⁵N Stable Isotope Labeling PSTs in Alexandrium minutum for Application of PSTs as Biomarker. Toxins, 11(4), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11040211

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¹⁵N Stable Isotope Labeling PSTs in Alexandrium minutum for Application of PSTs as Biomarker

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