Increases in Alcohol Intakes Are Concurrent with Higher Energy Intakes: Trends in Alcohol Consumption in Australian National Surveys from 1983, 1995 and 2012
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dietary Assessment
2.2. Sensitivity Analysis
2.3. Low Energy Reporting
2.4. Period Trends
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sensitivity Analysis
3.2. Proportion Consuming
3.3. Per Capita Intake
3.4. Per-Consumer Intake
3.5. Types of Alcoholic Beverages Consumed
3.6. Energy Intakes of Alcohol Consumers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Size (n) | Proportion Reporting Alcohol (95% CI) | Mean Alcohol (g) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Demographic | 1995 | 2011/12 | 1995 | 2011/12 | 1995 | 2011/12 | ||
Men | Age | ||||||||
18–24 | 550 | 373 | 30.5 | (25.1–32.7) | 24.1 | (19.8–28.5) | 14.9 | 10.4 | |
25–34 | 1084 | 747 | 42.1 | (39.3–45.2) | 37.9 | (34.1–41.0) | 19.8 | 17.1 | |
35–44 | 1056 | 846 | 43.9 | (40.6–46.6) | 38.7 | (36.1–42.7) | 19.6 | 18.3 | |
45–54 | 882 | 781 | 49.8 | (45.7–52.2) | 46.3 | (41.2–48.2) | 19.7 | 23.4 | |
55–64 | 672 | 672 | 48.9 | (45.6–53.2) | 45.4 | (42.1–49.6) | 20.9 | 22.7 | |
65+ | 902 | 910 | 43.1 | (39.8–46.4) | 44.0 | (40.7–47.2) | 14.7 | 17.4 | |
p | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
Day of the Week | |||||||||
Sunday–Thursday | 4436 | 3660 | 42.0 | (40.3–43.2) | 39.2 | (37.6–40.7) | 16.8 | 17.3 | |
Friday–Saturday | 710 | 669 | 53.9 | (45.2–52.8) | 49.0 | (45.2–52.8) | 27.8 | 24.7 | |
p | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
Season | |||||||||
December–April | 2058 | 2208 | 45.0 | (42.6–46.9) | 41.3 | (39.1–34.4) | 19.1 | 18.1 | |
May–November | 3088 | 2301 | 42.8 | (40.7–44.2) | 40.2 | (38.1–42.2) | 18.0 | 18.6 | |
p | p = 0.11 | p = 0.46 | p = 0.27 | p = 0.65 | |||||
Geographic Area | |||||||||
Metropolitan | 2626 | 2833 | 42.9 | (40.7–44.5) | 39.7 | (37.9–41.5) | 17.9 | 17.6 | |
Other | 2520 | 1496 | 44.4 | (42.1–46.0) | 42.6 | (40.1–45.1) | 19.1 | 20.6 | |
p | p = 0.30 | p = 0.07 | p = 0.19 | p = 0.04 | |||||
Women | Age | ||||||||
18–24 | 645 | 407 | 17.0 | (13.7–19.6) | 16.5 | (12.8–20.1) | 6.2 | 5.8 | |
25–34 | 1268 | 870 | 22.0 | (19.4–24.0) | 19.1 | (15.6–20.7) | 6.7 | 7.3 | |
35–44 | 1117 | 997 | 30.1 | (26.8–32.1) | 26.3 | (23.8–29.3) | 9.6 | 11.4 | |
45–54 | 987 | 879 | 30.4 | (28.1–33.9) | 33.0 | (28.8–34.4) | 9.4 | 12.3 | |
55–64 | 765 | 760 | 25.1 | (22.1–28.3) | 31.7 | (28.9–35.2) | 5.8 | 13.4 | |
65+ | 1058 | 1193 | 21.6 | (19.2–24.1) | 26.8 | (24.3–29.3) | 4.6 | 9.1 | |
p | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
Day of the Week | |||||||||
Sunday-Thursday | 5103 | 4409 | 23.4 | (22.1–24.4) | 25.5 | (24.2–26.8) | 6.5 | 9.4 | |
Friday-Saturday | 737 | 697 | 34.3 | (31.0–37.9) | 30.1 | (26.7–33.5) | 11.6 | 13.5 | |
p | <0.0001 | 0.01 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
Season | |||||||||
December-April | 2373 | 2384 | 24.8 | (23.0–26.5) | 26.2 | (24.4–27.9) | 7.3 | 10.0 | |
May-November | 3467 | 2722 | 24.6 | (23.1–26.0) | 26.1 | (24.5–27.8) | 7.1 | 10.0 | |
p | p = 0.85 | p = 0.97 | p = 0.70 | p = 0.99 | |||||
Geographic Area | |||||||||
Metropolitan | 3005 | 3218 | 25.1 | (23.5–26.6) | 27.3 | (25.7–28.8) | 7.2 | 10.3 | |
Other | 2835 | 1888 | 24.5 | (22.6–25.8) | 24.2 | (22.3–26.1) | 7.2 | 9.3 | |
p | p = 0.45 | p = 0.02 | p = 0.95 | p = 0.24 |
Sample Size (n) | Proportion (95% CI) Consuming Alcohol (%) | Per-Capita Alcohol (g) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Age | 1983 | 1995 | 2011/12 | 1983 | 1995 | 2011/12 | p † | 1983 | 1995 | 2011/12 | p ‡ | |||
Men | 18–24 | 0 | 474 | 322 | 26.2 | (22.2–30.1) | 22.4 | (17.8–26.9) | >0.05 | 11.5 | 10.3 | 0.22 | |||
25–34 | 823 | 902 | 597 | 50.2 | (45.7–52.7) | 39.6 | (36.4–42.8) | 34.0 | (30.2–37.8) | <0.0001 | 22.5 a | 18.2 a,b | 14.0 b | 0.08 | |
35–44 | 823 | 889 | 671 | 53.0 | (49.6–56.6) | 41.6 | (38.4–44.9) | 37.0 | (33.3–40.6) | <0.0001 | 26.5 a | 17.4 b | 16.8 b | 0.002 | |
45–54 | 703 | 771 | 644 | 51.0 | (46.7–54.7) | 47.9 | (44.3–51.4) | 43.2 | (39.3–47.0) | 0.03 | 25.9 | 18.9 | 22.2 | 0.11 | |
55–64 | 672 | 584 | 583 | 54.0 | (50.1–57.1) | 48.5 | (44.4–52.5) | 45.3 | (41.2–49.3) | 0.009 | 25.7 | 20.0 | 22.7 | 0.03 | |
65+ | 0 | 816 | 843 | 42.7 | (39.3–46.0) | 43.7 | (40.3–47.0) | >0.05 | 14.3 | 17.1 | 0.28 | ||||
25–64 § | 3021 | 3205 | 2579 | 52.0 | (49.7–53.3) | 44.2 | (42.1–45.6) | 39.8 | (37.9–41.7) | <0.0001 | 25.2 a | 18.6 b | 18.8 b | <0.0001 | |
18+ § | 0 | 4436 | 3660 | 41.4 | (40.3–43.2) | 39.2 | (37.6–40.7) | 0.02 | 17.7 | 17.9 | 0.7 | ||||
Women | 18–24 | 0 | 568 | 340 | 15.0 | (12.0–17.9) | 16.2 | (12.3–20.1) | >0.5 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 0.63 | |||
25–34 | 869 | 1079 | 740 | 30.8 | (27.3–33.3) | 19.5 | (17.1–21.8) | 17.3 | (14.6–20.0) | <0.0001 | 8.8 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 0.06 | |
35–44 | 895 | 950 | 827 | 34.2 | (31.4–37.4) | 28.1 | (25.2–31.0) | 24.4 | (21.5–27.4) | <0.0001 | 11.0 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 0.44 | |
45–54 | 727 | 851 | 754 | 32.5 | (28.6–35.6) | 29.8 | (26.8–32.9) | 30.9 | (27.6–34.2) | >0.5 | 8.2 a | 8.8 a,b | 11.5 b | 0.08 | |
55–64 | 742 | 693 | 662 | 28.6 | (25.3–31.3) | 24.4 | (21.2–27.6) | 32.2 | (28.6–35.7) | 0.01 | 7.5 a | 5.6 a | 13.1 b | 0.0018 | |
65+ | 0 | 962 | 1086 | 20.8 | (18.2–23.4) | 27.1 | (24.5–29.7) | <0.0001 | 4.4 | 9.3 | <0.0001 | ||||
25–64 § | 3233 | 3633 | 3076 | 31.6 | (29.9–33.9) | 25.7 | (23.8–26.6) | 25.7 | (24.4–27.6) | <0.0001 | 8.9 a,b | 7.2 a | 9.9 b | 0.09 | |
18+ § | 0 | 5103 | 4409 | 23.2 | (22.1–24.4) | 25.5 | (24.2–26.8) | 0.009 | 6.9 | 9.6 | <0.0001 | ||||
All | 25–64 § | 6254 | 6838 | 5655 | 41.1 | (39.9–42.9) | 34.2 | (32.8–35.1) | 32.3 | (31.1–33.5) | <0.0001 | 16.4 a | 12.8 b | 14.2 b | <0.001 |
18+ § | 0 | 9539 | 8069 | 32.3 | (30.9–32.8) | 31.7 | (30.7–32.7) | >0.05 | 12.2 | 13.7 | <0.0004 |
Gender | Variable | Age | 1983 | 1995 | 2012 | p * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Alcohol (g) | 18–24 | 28.6 | (14.3–51.7) | 36.4 | (13.6–68.2) | >0.05 | ||
25–34 | 28.5 | (14.3–55.5) | 28.6 | (15.4–59.0) | 35.2 | (17.7–54.6) | >0.05 | ||
35–44 | 34.9 | (21.1–62.0) | 34.4 | (17.8–58.1) | 37.7 | (16.3–58.4) | >0.05 | ||
45–54 | 35.8 | (18.5–59.9) | 32.3 | (17.5–50.2) | 40.9 | (20.7–77.6) | 0.002 | ||
55–64 | 30.2 | (17.5–55.5) | 32.3 | (16.9–53.6) | 40.9 | (25.0–73.4) | <0.0001 | ||
65+ | 28.8 | (15.8–52.1) | 26.4 | (14.3–45.8) | 0.03 | ||||
Alcohol (%E) | 18–24 | 8.8 | (4.6–16.5) | 15.1 | (6.4–22.2) | 0.03 | |||
25–34 | 8.5 | (4.5–16.8) | 10.3 | (5.3–18.3) | 11.8 | (6.7–18.8) | 0.01 | ||
35–44 | 12.0 | (6.6–20.2) | 12.1 | (6.9–20.1) | 13.1 | (7.1–23.3) | >0.05 | ||
45–54 | 12.9 | (7.4–20.7) | 11.8 | (6.5–18.7) | 15.1 | (8.6–24.5) | <0.0001 | ||
55–64 | 12.4 | (6.3–21.0) | 12.9 | (6.9–20.0) | 15.7 | (8.9–25.1) | <0.0001 | ||
65+ | 10.9 | (7.4–20.5) | 12.2 | (6.4–21.2) | 0.03 | ||||
Women | Alcohol (g) | 18–24 | 23.8 | (14.1–42.9) | 22.9 | (13.6–49.0) | >0.05 | ||
25–34 | 19.6 | (10.9–31.2) | 23.4 | (14.3–42.7) | 27.3 | (14.3–45.7) | 0.0003 | ||
35–44 | 18.6 | (11.6–34.9) | 23.9 | (12.7–39.5) | 29.4 | (15.3–54.5) | <0.0001 | ||
45–54 | 16.0 | (8.8–33.3) | 21.2 | (11.7–37.6) | 27.9 | (15.3–48.3) | <0.0001 | ||
55–64 | 14.1 | (8.8–27.4) | 17.8 | (10.7–35.0) | 30.5 | (18.4–58.8) | <0.0001 | ||
65+ | 17.3 | (9.8–28.3) | 26.1 | (14.7–42.1) | 0.03 | ||||
Alcohol (%E) | 18–24 | 11.6 | (6.4–21.2) | 11.0 | (7.2–18.1) | >0.05 | |||
25–34 | 8.4 | (4.4–13.2) | 9.6 | (5.7–15.8) | 10.2 | (7.5–18.4) | 0.003 | ||
35–44 | 8.4 | (5.0–15.5) | 10.0 | (5.9–18.1) | 13.2 | (7.6–21.7) | <0.0001 | ||
45–54 | 8.6 | (4.6–15.2) | 8.9 | (5.3–16.7) | 12.5 | (7.6–20.2) | <0.0001 | ||
55–64 | 7.5 | (4.4–13.6) | 7.9 | (4.9–14.5) | 15.1 | (8.8–23.0) | <0.0001 | ||
65+ | 8.9 | (5.4–13.3) | 11.5 | (7.7–18.1) | <0.0001 | ||||
Total | Alcohol (g) | 25–64 | 27.9 | (13.9–48.8) | 28.6 | (15.1–47.9) | 32.7 | (18.0–61.4) | <0.0001 |
Alcohol (%E) | 25–64 | 9.9 | (5.4–17.1) | 11.1 | (6.0–18.3) | 13.4 | (6.2–18.8) | <0.0001 |
Gender | Beverage | Variable | Median Per-Consumer (IQR) | p * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1983 | 1995 | 2012 | |||||||
Men | Beer | Consumer (%) | 31.6 | (31.0–35.4) | 29.0 | (26.6–30.4) | 23.1 | (21.0–25.3) | <0.0001 |
Alcohol (g) | 28.5 | (14.3–57.0) | 28.6 | (14.3–55.7) | 29.6 | (13.6–54.5) | 0.8 | ||
Alcohol (%E) | 10.8 | (5.8–19.2) | 11.5 | (5.9–20.0) | 12.1 | (6.6–20.3) | 0.01 | ||
Alcohol (kJ) | 1125 | (563–2250) | 1127 | (563–2252) | 1145 | (542–2166) | 0.4 | ||
Wine | Consumer (%) | 23.5 | (22.0–25.0) | 15.6 | (14.6–17.2) | 14.0 | (13.2–15.9) | <0.0001 | |
Alcohol (g) | 27.0 | (15.5–42.6) | 28.7 | (17.6–43.1) | 40.8 | (24.5–68.6) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (%E) | 7.9 | (4.5–13.2) | 8.5 | (5.0–12.8) | 12.1 | (7.6–20.1) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (kJ) | 878 | (473–1415) | 931 | (555–1414) | 1203 | (770–2072) | <0.0001 | ||
Spirits | Consumer (%) | 8.7 | (8.7–7.7) | 5.0 | (5.1–4.3) | 6.0 | (6.4–5.5) | <0.0001 | |
Alcohol (g) | 17.6 | (8.8–26.8) | 17.8 | (9.7–29.3) | 18.3 | (14.3–42.0) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (%E) | 4.8 | (2.6–7.7) | 4.8 | (2.8–7.6) | 8.3 | (4.4–17.3) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (kJ) | 511 | (256–780) | 518 | (280–1011) | 981 | (514–1970) | <0.0001 | ||
Other † | Consumer (%) | 1.9 | (1.4–2.3) | 1.4 | (1.0–1.8) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.5) | 0.006 | |
Alcohol (g) | 9.9 | (6.2–15.7) | 12.7 | (5.8–24.6) | 14.4 | (4.3–26.5) | 0.5 | ||
Alcohol (%E) | 5.6 | (3.1–10.0) | 5.0 | (3.5–10.1) | 7.3 | (4.3–12.8) | 0.2 | ||
Alcohol (kJ) | 660 | (454–1040) | 709 | (430–1206) | 704 | (439–1296) | 0.1 | ||
Women | Beer | Consumer (%) | 5.4 | (4.4–6.4) | 4.8 | (3.9–5) | 4.2 | (3.0–4.7) | 0.2 |
Alcohol (g) | 10.8 | (5.3–21.5) | 14.6 | (8.1–28.6) | 20.5 | (12.7–38.7) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (%E) | 6.0 | (3.4–11.0) | 8.8 | (5.1–18.0) | 9.4 | (6.2–16.8) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (kJ) | 461 | (249–878) | 583 | (395–1127) | 824 | (506–1538) | <0.0001 | ||
Wine | Consumer (%) | 22.8 | (21.4–24.3) | 16.9 | (15.4–18.3) | 18.9 | (17.0–20.7) | <0.0001 | |
Alcohol (g) | 18.6 | (11.6–32.0) | 23.5 | (14.4–38.3) | 30.5 | (19.8–54.5) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (%E) | 8.3 | (4.8–13.3) | 9.5 | (5.9–15.8) | 12.9 | (7.7–20.9) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (kJ) | 663 | (354–1061) | 708 | (486–1217) | 927 | (609–1604) | <0.0001 | ||
Spirits | Consumer (%) | 6.6 | (6.6–5.7) | 4.3 | (4.3–3.7) | 3.5 | (3.7–3.0) | <0.0001 | |
Alcohol (g) | 9.1 | (8.8–17.6) | 11.8 | (6.0–18.5) | 19.6 | (13.7–37.1) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (%E) | 4.2 | (2.6–7.3) | 4.6 | (2.6–8.8) | 12.1 | (7.4–21.3) | <0.0001 | ||
Alcohol (kJ) | 264 | (256–511) | 345 | (174–690) | 984 | (514–1733) | <0.0001 | ||
Other † | Consumer (%) | 1.9 | (1.4–2.3) | 1.4 | (1.0–1.8) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.5) | 0.048 | |
Alcohol (g) | 6.3 | (4.4–10.5) | 10.6 | (4.4–17.4) | 12.0 | (8.0–14.4) | 0.007 | ||
Alcohol (%E) | 6.4 | (3.2–9.4) | 6.5 | (3.9–14.8) | 7.2 | (4.2–9.6) | 0.6 | ||
Alcohol (kJ) | 495 | (330–825) | 591 | (430–1013) | 558 | (432–704) | 0.5 |
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Grech, A.; Rangan, A.; Allman-Farinelli, M. Increases in Alcohol Intakes Are Concurrent with Higher Energy Intakes: Trends in Alcohol Consumption in Australian National Surveys from 1983, 1995 and 2012. Nutrients 2017, 9, 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090944
Grech A, Rangan A, Allman-Farinelli M. Increases in Alcohol Intakes Are Concurrent with Higher Energy Intakes: Trends in Alcohol Consumption in Australian National Surveys from 1983, 1995 and 2012. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090944
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrech, Amanda, Anna Rangan, and Margaret Allman-Farinelli. 2017. "Increases in Alcohol Intakes Are Concurrent with Higher Energy Intakes: Trends in Alcohol Consumption in Australian National Surveys from 1983, 1995 and 2012" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090944