Cell-Surface and Nuclear Receptors in the Colon as Targets for Bacterial Metabolites and Its Relevance to Colon Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Relationship between Microbiota and the Host: Parasitism, Commensalism, or Mutualism?
3. Bacterial Dysbiosis as a Cause of Colonic Diseases
4. Bacterial Metabolites with Impact on the Host: Relevance to Colitis and Colon Cancer
5. Molecular Targets for Bacterial Metabolites in the Host
6. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors for Bacterial Metabolites
7. GPR109A: Expression and Function in the Colon and the Mucosal Immune System
8. GPR43: Expression and Function in the Colon and the Mucosal Immune System
9. GPR41: Expression and Function in the Colon
10. GPR81 and GPR91: Expression and Function in the Colon
11. Nuclear Receptors AhR, PXR, and FXR and Their Modulation by Bacterial Metabolites
12. Relevance of Dietary Fiber to the Production of Tryptophan Metabolites in Colon
13. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Receptor | Agonist | |
---|---|---|
Bacterial Metabolite | Endogenous Metabolite | |
Cell-surface receptors | ||
GPR109A | Butyrate [72,73] | β-Hydroxybutyrate [74] |
GPR43 | Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate [75,76,77] | Acetate, Propionate [75,76,77] |
GPR41 | Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate [75] | Acetate, Propionate [75] |
GPR81 | Lactate [78] | Lactate [78] |
GPR91 | Succinate [79] | Succinate [79] |
Nuclear receptors | ||
AhR | Tryptamine, Indole, Indole-3-aldehyde, Indole-3-acetic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid [60,61], Indole-3-acrylic acid [80] | Kynurenine [81] |
PXR | Lithocholic acid, Indole-3-propionic acid [82] | Steroids [82] |
FXR | Deoxycholic acid, Lithocholic acid [83,84,85,86] | Cholic acid, Chenodeoxycholic acid [83,84,85,86] |
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Sivaprakasam, S.; Bhutia, Y.D.; Ramachandran, S.; Ganapathy, V. Cell-Surface and Nuclear Receptors in the Colon as Targets for Bacterial Metabolites and Its Relevance to Colon Health. Nutrients 2017, 9, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080856
Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Ramachandran S, Ganapathy V. Cell-Surface and Nuclear Receptors in the Colon as Targets for Bacterial Metabolites and Its Relevance to Colon Health. Nutrients. 2017; 9(8):856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080856
Chicago/Turabian StyleSivaprakasam, Sathish, Yangzom D. Bhutia, Sabarish Ramachandran, and Vadivel Ganapathy. 2017. "Cell-Surface and Nuclear Receptors in the Colon as Targets for Bacterial Metabolites and Its Relevance to Colon Health" Nutrients 9, no. 8: 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080856