The Food Contaminants Nivalenol and Deoxynivalenol Induce Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Release
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Cell Treatment
2.4. Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin 1β Determination
2.5. Measurement of Cyclooxygenase 2, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Heme Oxygenase 1, and Caspase-1 by Cytofluorimetry
2.6. Measurement of Intracellular ROS Release
2.7. Immunofluorescence Analysis for Nitrotyrosine, Nuclear Factor-Like 2, and Nuclear Factor-kB with Confocal Microscopy
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. NIV and DON Increased TNF-α Production in IEC-6 Cells
3.2. NIV and DON Induced COX-2 and iNOS Expression in IEC-6 Cells
3.3. NIV and DON Increased Nitrotyrosine Formation and ROS Release in LPS and IFN γ Treated IEC-6 Cells
3.4. NIV and DON Induce Nrf2 Activation HO-1 Expression in IEC-6 Cells
3.5. NIV and DON Induced p65 NF-κB Nuclear Translocation in IEC-6 Cells
3.6. NIV and DON Induced Inflammasome Activation in IEC-6 Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Adesso, S.; Autore, G.; Quaroni, A.; Popolo, A.; Severino, L.; Marzocco, S. The Food Contaminants Nivalenol and Deoxynivalenol Induce Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Release. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1343. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121343
Adesso S, Autore G, Quaroni A, Popolo A, Severino L, Marzocco S. The Food Contaminants Nivalenol and Deoxynivalenol Induce Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Release. Nutrients. 2017; 9(12):1343. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121343
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdesso, Simona, Giuseppina Autore, Andrea Quaroni, Ada Popolo, Lorella Severino, and Stefania Marzocco. 2017. "The Food Contaminants Nivalenol and Deoxynivalenol Induce Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Release" Nutrients 9, no. 12: 1343. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121343