Validity and Reproducibility of a Dietary Questionnaire for Consumption Frequencies of Foods during Pregnancy in the Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study (BIGCS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Recruitment and Study Design
2.2. Food Frequency Questionnaire
2.3. 24-h Diet Recalls (24 HR)
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Subject Characteristics
3.2. Reproducibility
3.3. Validity
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Validation Subjects | Non-Participants | Cohort Population | p1 † | p2 ‡ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 210 | 210 | 10,165 | ||
Age (years) | 29.0 ± 3.2 | 29.8 ± 3.7 | 28.9 ± 3.4 | 0.174 | 0.674 |
Education level | 0.584 | <0.001 * | |||
High school or below | 10 (4.8) | 11 (5.2) | 1053 (11.2) | ||
College | 44 (21.0) | 48(22.9) | 2371 (25.3) | ||
Undergraduate or above | 156 (74.3) | 151(71.9) | 5947 (63.5) | ||
Monthly income (Yuan) | 0.958 | 0.265 | |||
<1500 | 18 (8.9) | 31 (15.4) | 961 (10.5) | ||
1500–4500 | 62 (30.5) | 48 (23.9) | 2983 (32.5) | ||
4501–9000 | 87 (42.9) | 79 (39.3) | 3763 (41.0) | ||
≥9001 | 36 (17.7) | 43 (21.4) | 1468 (16.0) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) # | 0.132 | 0.838 | |||
<18.5 | 46 (22.2) | 38 (18.5) | 2303 (24.8) | ||
18.5–23.9 | 146 (70.5) | 143 (69.8) | 6087 (65.7) | ||
≥24 | 15 (7.2) | 24 (11.7) | 879 (9.5) | ||
Parity | 0.544 | 0.002 * | |||
0 | 170 (81.7) | 173 (84.0) | 8309 (88.6) | ||
≥1 | 38 (18.3) | 33 (16.0) | 1071 (11.4) |
FFQ1 | FFQ2 | FFQ2/FFQ1 × 100 | p-Value * | Spearman Correlation Coefficient | ICC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (P25, P75) ‡ | Mean (SD) | Median (P25, P75) ‡ | Mean (SD) | Median | ||||
Red and processed meats | 1.43 (0.86, 2.00) | 0.76 (1.43) | 1.43 (1.00, 2.00) | 1.58 (0.80) | 100 | 0.12 | 0.40 | 0.47 |
Poultry | 0.43 (0.29, 0.57) | 0.31 (0.43) | 0.43 (2.00, 4.00) | 3.00 (1.42) | 100 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.42 |
Eggs | 0.86 (0.57, 1.00) | 0.40 (0.86) | 0.86 (0.43, 1.00) | 0.80 (0.39) | 100 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 0.43 |
Fish | 0.43 (0.29, 0.57) | 0.35 (0.43) | 0.43 (0.29, 0.71) | 0.49 (0.33) | 100 | 0.37 | 0.55 | 0.45 |
Sea food | 0.14 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.17 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.15 (0.18) | 100 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.43 |
Soybean | 0.57 (0.29, 1.00) | 0.60 (0.57) | 0.57 (0.39, 1.00) | 0.74 (0.51) | 100 | 0.83 | 0.57 | 0.52 |
Other legumes | 0.14 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.20 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.19 (0.19) | 100 | 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.37 |
Leafy vegetables | 1.86 (1.25, 2.29) | 1.06 (1.86) | 1.86 (1.29, 2.43) | 1.93 (0.89) | 100 | 0.66 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
Root vegetables | 0.43 (0.29, 0.71) | 0.37 (0.43) | 0.43 (0.29, 0.71) | 0.56 (0.34) | 100 | 0.82 | 0.41 | 0.4 |
Melon vegetables | 0.57 (0.29, 0.71) | 0.44 (0.43) | 0.43 (0.14, 0.57) | 0.44 (0.34) | 75 | <0.001 | 0.46 | 0.48 |
Mushrooms and fungus | 0.14 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.19 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.29) | 0.20 (0.20) | 100 | 0.71 | 0.38 | 0.31 |
Seaweed | 0.00 (0.00, 0.14) | 0.12 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.14) | 0.10 (0.12) | 0 | 15 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
Pickled vegetables | 0.00 (0.00, 0.14) | 0.15 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.05 (0.12) | 0 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.22 |
Fruits | 1.14 (0.86, 1.61) | 0.61 (1.14) | 1.14 (0.86, 1.57) | 1.25 (0.64) | 100 | 0.33 | 0.48 | 0.33 |
Nuts | 0.57 (0.29, 1.00) | 0.45 (0.57) | 0.57 (0.29, 1.00) | 0.59 (0.43) | 100 | 0.004 | 0.48 | 0.47 |
Milk | 1.00 (0.57, 1.14) | 0.58 (0.86) | 0.86 (0.43, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.60) | 86 | 0.15 | 0.46 | 0.39 |
Cereals and grains | 3.00 (2.57, 3.43) | 0.66 (3.00) | 3.00 (2.43, 3.29) | 2.89 (0.78) | 100 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.39 |
Yogurt | 0.14 (0.00, 0.43) | 0.31 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.43) | 0.25 (0.31) | 100 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 0.39 |
Soup | 0.50 (0.21, 0.79) | 0.33 (0.50) | 0.50 (0.21, 0.84) | 0.56 (0.34) | 100 | 0.4 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
Average | 0.45 | 0.42 |
Food Group | Average of Three 24 HR | FFQ2 | p-Value * | FFQ2/24 HR×100 | Spearman Correlation Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (Frequency) | Median (Frequency) | (Median Frequency) | |||
Red meats | 1.67 | 1.43 | 0.02 | 117 | 0.25 |
Poultry | 0.67 | 0.43 | <0.001 | 156 | 0.38 |
Eggs | 0.67 | 0.86 | 0.27 | 78 | 0.35 |
Fish | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.01 | 117 | 0.43 |
Seafood | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.003 | - | 0.47 |
Legumes | 0.33 | 0.57 | <0.001 | 58 | 0.27 |
Other legumes | 0.00 | 0.14 | <0.001 | - | 0.29 |
Leafy vegetables | 1.67 | 1.86 | 0.002 | 90 | 0.23 |
Root vegetables | 0.33 | 0.43 | <0.001 | 78 | 0.35 |
Melon vegetables | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.78 | 78 | 0.31 |
Mushrooms and fungus | 0.33 | 0.14 | <0.001 | 233 | 0.29 |
Seaweed | 0.00 | 0.00 | <0.001 | - | 0.25 |
Pickled vegetables | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | - | 0.23 |
Fruits | 1.50 | 1.14 | <0.001 | 131 | 0.40 |
Nuts | 0.33 | 0.57 | <0.001 | 58 | 0.37 |
Milk | 0.67 | 0.86 | 0.012 | 78 | 0.62 |
Cereals and grains | 3.00 | 3.00 | 0.04 | 100 | 0.32 |
Yogurt | 0.00 | 0.14 | <0.001 | - | 0.41 |
Soup | 0.67 | 0.50 | <0.001 | 133 | 0.30 |
Average | 0.34 |
Food Groups | Same Quintile (%) | Same or Adjacent Quintile (%) | Distant Quintile (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Red and processed meats | 21 | 65.2 | 4.8 |
Poultry | 32.9 | 66.2 | 3.3 |
Eggs | 30 | 69.5 | 3.8 |
Fish | 25.2 | 68.1 | 1 |
Seafood | 29 | 71.4 | 1 |
Legumes | 23.8 | 57.6 | 2.9 |
Other legumes | 25.2 | 58.6 | 3.8 |
Leafy vegetables | 23.8 | 57.1 | 3.3 |
Root vegetables | 28.1 | 61.9 | 1.9 |
Melon vegetables | 30.5 | 67.1 | 5.7 |
Mushrooms and fungus | 23.8 | 65.7 | 4.8 |
Seaweed | 24.3 | 60 | 3.3 |
Pickled vegetables | 25.2 | 57.6 | 3.8 |
Fruits | 29 | 69 | 2.9 |
Nuts | 31 | 68.6 | 1.4 |
Milk | 43.8 | 79 | 1.4 |
Cereals and grains | 28.1 | 63.3 | 3.3 |
Yogurt | 28.6 | 63.3 | 3.3 |
Soup | 30.5 | 67.6 | 4.8 |
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Yuan, M.-Y.; He, J.-R.; Chen, N.-N.; Lu, J.-H.; Shen, S.-Y.; Xiao, W.-Q.; Hu, F.; Xiao, H.-Y.; Wu, Y.-Y.; Xia, X.-Y.; et al. Validity and Reproducibility of a Dietary Questionnaire for Consumption Frequencies of Foods during Pregnancy in the Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study (BIGCS). Nutrients 2016, 8, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080454
Yuan M-Y, He J-R, Chen N-N, Lu J-H, Shen S-Y, Xiao W-Q, Hu F, Xiao H-Y, Wu Y-Y, Xia X-Y, et al. Validity and Reproducibility of a Dietary Questionnaire for Consumption Frequencies of Foods during Pregnancy in the Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study (BIGCS). Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080454
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Ming-Yang, Jian-Rong He, Nian-Nian Chen, Jin-Hua Lu, Song-Ying Shen, Wan-Qing Xiao, Fang Hu, Hui-Yun Xiao, Yan-Yan Wu, Xiao-Yan Xia, and et al. 2016. "Validity and Reproducibility of a Dietary Questionnaire for Consumption Frequencies of Foods during Pregnancy in the Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study (BIGCS)" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080454