Per-Arnt-Sim Kinase (PASK): An Emerging Regulator of Mammalian Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. PAS Kinase Structure and Function
1.2. PAS Kinase Activation
2. The Function and Mechanism of PASK in Mammalian Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
2.1. The Regulation of PASK in Mammalian Glucose Metabolism
Name | Expression Level | Biological Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Insulin | Up-regulated | Promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue; causes fat to be stored. | [25,26,27] |
Glucagon | Down-regulated | Elevates the concentration of glucose in the blood by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. | [17] |
Glycogen synthase (GS) | Down-regulated | A key enzyme in glycogenesis; involves in converting glucose to glycogen. | [26,28] |
GSK-3β | Down-regulated | Phosphorylates and inactivates its downstream target GS; active in a number of central intracellular signaling pathways (cellular proliferation, migration, inflammation, immune responses, glucose homeostasis, and apoptosis) | [29] |
2.1.1. PASK and Pancreatic α Cells
2.1.2. PASK and Pancreatic β Cells
2.1.3. PASK and Glycogen Synthase
2.2. The Regulation of PASK in Mammalian Lipid Metabolism
Name | Expression Level | Biological Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
AMPK | Up-regulated | Stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis; inhibits cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis; inhibits adipocyte lipolysis and lipogenesis; stimulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and muscle glucose uptake, modulates insulin secretion. | [9,40] |
SREBP-1c | Down-regulated | Promotes cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake; stimulates fatty acid biosynthesis. | [37] |
FAS | Down-regulated | An enzyme complex responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis; catalyzes the synthesis of palmitate from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. | [6,33] |
CD36/FAT | Down-regulated | Functions in long-chain fatty acid uptake and signaling; promotes sterile inflammation. | [6,33] |
SCD1 | Down-regulated | A key enzyme in fatty acid metabolism, catalyzes a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. | [6,33] |
PPARγ | Down-regulated | Regulates fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism; stimulates lipid uptake and adipogenesis. | [6,33] |
2.2.1. PASK and AMPK/SREBP-1
2.2.2. PASK and other Enzymes or Receptors Involved in Lipid Metabolism
3. Future Directions
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, D.-d.; Zhang, J.-g.; Wang, Y.-z.; Liu, Y.; Liu, G.-l.; Li, X.-y. Per-Arnt-Sim Kinase (PASK): An Emerging Regulator of Mammalian Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Nutrients 2015, 7, 7437-7450. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095347
Zhang D-d, Zhang J-g, Wang Y-z, Liu Y, Liu G-l, Li X-y. Per-Arnt-Sim Kinase (PASK): An Emerging Regulator of Mammalian Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Nutrients. 2015; 7(9):7437-7450. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095347
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Dan-dan, Ji-gang Zhang, Yu-zhu Wang, Ying Liu, Gao-lin Liu, and Xiao-yu Li. 2015. "Per-Arnt-Sim Kinase (PASK): An Emerging Regulator of Mammalian Glucose and Lipid Metabolism" Nutrients 7, no. 9: 7437-7450. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095347