Effects of Gluten on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders, Migraine, and Dermatitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Biomarker Analysis
2.4. MIDAS Questionnaire
2.5. Molecular Analysis
2.5.1. DNA Extraction
2.5.2. DNA Quality
2.5.3. Library Construction
2.5.4. Next-Generation Sequencing
2.6. Bioinformatics Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.8. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Diversity and Fungal Composition
3.2. Bacterial Diversity and Composition
3.3. Relationship between ITS and 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing Data
3.4. GI Disorders, Migraine, and Atopic Dermatitis
3.5. Biomarkers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gluten Group (n = 17) | Placebo Group (n = 29) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean ± standard deviation) | 41.59 ± 9.24 | 41.28 ± 8.93 | 0.910 |
Sex, n (%) | |||
Women | 11 (64.7) | 25 (86.2) | 0.139 |
Men | 6 (35.3) | 4 (13.8) | |
Body mass index, (median (interquartile range)) | 23.8 (21.4–27.8) | 24.6 (22.95–27.05) | 0.482 |
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, n (%) | |||
Abdominal pain | 15 (88.2) | 22 (75.9) | 0.450 |
Bloating | 12 (70.6) | 26 (89.7) | 0.125 |
Flatulence | 15 (88.2) | 27 (93.1) | 0.619 |
Diarrhea | 9 (52.9) | 13 (44.8) | 0.761 |
Stomach sounds | 11 (64.7) | 24 (82.8) | 0.282 |
Constipation | 6 (35.3) | 11 (37.9) | 1 |
Urge to defecate | 9 (52.9) | 16 (55.2) | 1 |
Incomplete evacuation | 9 (52.9) | 21 (72.4) | 0.213 |
Nausea | 10 (58.8) | 6 (20.7) | 0.012 |
Burning | 8 (47.1) | 14 (48.3) | 1 |
Belching | 9 (52.9) | 15 (51.7) | 1 |
Acid regurgitation | 6 (35.3) | 9 (31) | 1 |
Epigastric pain | 8 (47.1) | 13 (44.8) | 1 |
Gluten Group (n = 17) | Placebo Group (n = 27) | ∆Intergroup Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GI Disorders | Basal | Final | p | Basal | Final | p | |
Abdominal pain | 2 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | 0.013 | 1 (0.5–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.001 | ns |
Bloating | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–1) | 0.033 | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.000 | ns |
Flatulence | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | 0.008 | 2 (2–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.001 | ns |
Diarrhea | 1 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.008 | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0.004 | ns |
Stomach sounds | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.031 | 2 (1–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.000 | ns |
Reduced consistency | 1 (1–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.003 | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0.001 | ns |
Constipation | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0.305 | 0 (0–1.5) | 0 (0–1) | 0.177 | ns |
Urge to defecate | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.031 | 1 (0–2.5) | 0 (0–1) | 0.056 | ns |
Incomplete evacuation | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.886 | 1 (0.5–2) | 1 (0–1) | 0.033 | ns |
Nausea | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0.021 | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0.125 | ns |
Burning | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.480 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.109 | ns |
Belching | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.021 | 1 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0.388 | ns |
Acid regurgitation | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.375 | 0 (0–0.5) | 0 (0–0.5) | 1 | ns |
Epigastric pain | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0.068 | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–0) | 0.017 | ns |
Depositions | 3.24 ± 2.02 | 2.76 ± 1.79 | 0.290 | 3 (2–6) | 3 (1–4.5) | 0.454 | ns |
Bristol stool scale | 4.24 ± 1.09 | 3.29 ± 1.53 | 0.016 | 4 (4–5) | 4 (2.5–4) | 0.047 | ns |
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San Mauro Martín, I.; López Oliva, S.; Garicano Vilar, E.; Sánchez Niño, G.M.; Penadés, B.F.; Terrén Lora, A.; Sanz Rojo, S.; Collado Yurrita, L. Effects of Gluten on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders, Migraine, and Dermatitis. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081228
San Mauro Martín I, López Oliva S, Garicano Vilar E, Sánchez Niño GM, Penadés BF, Terrén Lora A, Sanz Rojo S, Collado Yurrita L. Effects of Gluten on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders, Migraine, and Dermatitis. Nutrients. 2024; 16(8):1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081228
Chicago/Turabian StyleSan Mauro Martín, Ismael, Sara López Oliva, Elena Garicano Vilar, Guerthy Melissa Sánchez Niño, Bruno F. Penadés, Ana Terrén Lora, Sara Sanz Rojo, and Luis Collado Yurrita. 2024. "Effects of Gluten on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders, Migraine, and Dermatitis" Nutrients 16, no. 8: 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081228