Are Foods with Protein Claims Healthy? A Study of the Spanish Market
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. BADALI Database of Foods Available in the Spanish Market
2.2. Protein Claims (PCs) and Fortification
2.3. Nutrient Composition Analysis
2.4. Evaluation of Food Healthiness
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Sample and Protein Fortification
3.2. Protein Content
3.3. Nutrient Composition
3.4. Nutritional Quality
Food Types | Protein Claims (PCs) | Energy (kcal) | Protein (g) | Carbohydrates (g) | Sugar (g) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Median (IR) | p-Value | n | Median (IR) | p-Value | n | Median (IR) | p-Value | n | Median (IR) | p-Value | ||
Bars | No | 174 | 430 (389; 470) | <0.01 * | 174 | 7.5 (5.7; 11.9) | <0.001 ** | 174 | 59 (48; 66) | <0.001 ** | 174 | 28.9 (21.5; 35.7) | <0.001 ** |
Yes | 95 | 381 (358; 485) | 95 | 30 (23; 36) | 95 | 30 (23; 39) | 95 | 5.2 (3.2; 20.3) | |||||
Bread | No | 309 | 258 (242; 276) | 0.902 | 309 | 9 (5.4; 9.9) | <0.001 * | 309 | 45 (41; 49) | <0.001 * | 300 | 3.8 (2.4; 5.1) | <0.05 * |
Yes | 36 | 260 (246; 274) | 36 | 11.1 (9.7; 16.7) | 36 | 39.5 (26; 45) | 36 | 3.5 (1.9; 3.8) | |||||
Milk/dairy drinks | No | 371 | 49 (44; 63) | 0.114 | 371 | 3.1(3; 3.2) | <0.001 ** | 371 | 4.8 (4.7; 5.1) | 0.978 | 368 | 4.8 (4.7; 5) | 0.597 |
Yes | 31 | 54 (46; 65) | 31 | 6 (5; 9.4) | 31 | 4.8 (4.7; 5.1) | 31 | 4.8 (4.6; 5.1) | |||||
Milk substitutes | No | 297 | 48 (39; 59) | 0.066 | 298 | 0.8 (0.5; 1.2) | <0.001 ** | 297 | 7.8 (3.6; 10) | <0.001 ** | 298 | 4.8 (2.2; 6) | <0.001 ** |
Yes | 38 | 42 (34; 52) | 38 | 3.4 (3; 3.8) | 38 | 2.5 (1.3; 4.5) | 38 | 1.8 (0.6; 3.8) | |||||
Plant-based meat analogues | No | 87 | 197 (176; 232) | <0.05 * | 90 | 7.2 (5; 12) | <0.001 ** | 87 | 15 (6.3; 21.2) | <0.05 ** | 90 | 2 (1.1; 2.9) | <0.05 * |
Yes | 193 | 218 (185; 244) | 193 | 16 (11.4; 19) | 193 | 10.2 (5.8; 17) | 193 | 1.5 (0.8; 2.6) | |||||
Yogurt/dairy dessert substitutes | No | 111 | 87 (75; 109) | 0.090 | 111 | 2.1 (1; 3.7) | <0.001 ** | 111 | 11 (5.9; 14.9) | 0.075 | 111 | 8 (2.5; 11) | 0.726 |
Yes | 30 | 82 (75; 89) | 30 | 3.8 (3.8; 4.6) | 30 | 9.9 (4.1; 12) | 30 | 9.5 (3; 11.3) | |||||
Yogurts/fermented milk | No | 736 | 75 (56; 97) | <0.001 * | 736 | 3.5 (3; 4.1) | <0.001 * | 736 | 10.8 (5.5; 12.2) | <0.001 ** | 732 | 10.6 (5.1; 12) | <0.001 ** |
Yes | 95 | 58 (45; 75) | 95 | 4.2 (3.2; 7.5) | 95 | 5.4 (4.7; 11) | 95 | 5.2 (4.4; 10.8) | |||||
Food Type | Protein Claims (PCs) | Total Fat (g) | Saturated Fat (g) | Fiber (g) | Sodium (mg) | ||||||||
n | Median (IR) | p-Value | n | Median (IR) | p-Value | n | Median (IR) | p-Value | n | Median (IR) | p-Value | ||
Bars | No | 174 | 15.7 (10.9; 23) | 0.662 | 172 | 4.6 (2.6; 8.1) | <0.001 ** | 146 | 6.9 (5.3; 8.7) | 0.895 | 172 | 94 (24; 200) | 0.272 |
Yes | 95 | 14.2 (11; 21.7) | 95 | 6.8 (4.6; 9.7) | 91 | 6.3 (4.3; 14) | 95 | 104 (72; 166) | |||||
Bread | No | 308 | 4 (2.7; 5.4) | <0.05 * | 294 | 0.7 (0.5; 1) | <0.05 * | 254 | ND | ND | 299 | 440 (400; 520) | 0.749 |
Yes | 36 | 4.9 (2.9; 9) | 36 | 0.8 (0.6; 1.1) | 26 | ND | 36 | 440 (400; 490) | |||||
Milk/dairy drinks | No | 371 | 1.6 (0.6; 2.4) | <0.001 ** | 366 | 1 (0.4; 1.3) | <0.001 ** | 54 | ND | ND | 366 | 52 (48; 52) | <0.001 * |
Yes | 31 | 0.5 (0.3; 1.5) | 31 | 0.3 (0.2; 0.9) | 6 | ND | 31 | 56 (52; 68) | |||||
Milk substitutes | No | 298 | 1.4 (1; 2.1) | <0.001 ** | 298 | 0.2 (0.1; 0.4) | <0.01 ** | 198 | 0.5 (0.3; 0.8) | 0.251 | 293 | 40 (28; 40) | <0.05 * |
Yes | 38 | 1.9 (1.8; 2.1) | 38 | 0.3 (0.3; 0.4) | 33 | 0.6 (0.5; 0.8) | 38 | 40 (36; 60) | |||||
Plant-based meat analogues | No | 90 | 10.6 (6.3; 15) | 0.825 | 90 | 1.3 (0.8; 1.8) | 0.242 | 60 | 4 (3;5.6) | 0421 | 90 | 580 (440; 800) | <0.01 * |
Yes | 192 | 10.8 (7.1; 15) | 192 | 1.3 (1; 1.9) | 161 | 3.9 (2.7; 5.5) | 192 | 520 (440; 600) | |||||
Yogurt/dairy dessert substitutes | No | 111 | 3 (2.1; 5.1) | 0.111 | 111 | 0.5 (0.4; 2.6) | <0.01 ** | 39 | ND | ND | 111 | 40 (20; 44) | 0.484 |
Yes | 30 | 2.2 (2.1; 3) | 29 | 0.3 (0.3; 0.6) | 21 | ND | 30 | 40 (29; 40) | |||||
Yogurts/fermented milk | No | 733 | 2.3 (1; 3.8) | <0.001 ** | 731 | 1.6 (0.3; 2.5) | <0.001 ** | 840 | ND | ND | 736 | 44 (40; 52) | 0.076 |
Yes | 95 | 0.4 (0.1; 1.5) | 95 | 0.2 (0.1; 1.1) | 9 | ND | 95 | 48 (40; 60) |
Food Types | Protein Claims (PCs) | Less Healthy | High Fat | High Free Sugar | High Saturated Fat | High Sodium | Sweeteners (LNCS) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | No (%) | p-Value | n | No (%) | p-Value | n | No (%) | p-Value | n | No (%) | p-Value | n | No (%) | p-Value | n | No (%) | p-Value | ||
Bars | No | 151 | 150 (99.3) | 0.062 | 172 | 100 (58.1) | 0.79 | 152 | 136 (89.5) | <0.001 * | 172 | 79 (45.9) | <0.001 * | 170 | 2 (1.2) | 1 | 171 | 7 (4.1) | <0.001 * |
Yes | 94 | 89 (94.7) | 94 | 57 (60.6) | 94 | 40 (42.6) | 94 | 79 (84) | 94 | 1 (1.1) | 94 | 32 (34) | |||||||
Bread | No | 282 | 269 (95.4) | 0.385 | 306 | 14 (4.6) | <0.001 * | 306 | 15 (4.9) | 0.353 | 292 | 5 (1.7) | 0.944 | 297 | 281 (94.6) | 0.310 | 307 | 0 (0) | 1 |
Yes | 36 | 36 (100) | 36 | 9 (25) | 36 | 0 (0) | 36 | 0 (0) | 36 | 36 (100) | 36 | 0 (0) | |||||||
Milk/dairy drinks | No | 371 | 81 (21.8) | <0.001 * | 371 | 7 (1.9) | 0.955 | 371 | 68 (18.3) | <0.05 * | 371 | 51 (13.8) | 1 | 371 | 35 (9.4) | <0.05 * | 371 | 8 (2.2) | <0.001 * |
Yes | 31 | 19 (61.3) | 31 | 0 (0) | 31 | 0 (0) | 31 | 4 (12.9) | 31 | 7 (22.6) | 31 | 18 (58.1) | |||||||
Milk substitutes | No | 292 | 285 (97.6) | 0.175 | 297 | 132 (44.4) | <0.001 * | 297 | 234 (78.8) | 0.051 | 297 | 41 (13.8) | 0.09 | 292 | 83 (28.4) | 0.123 | 298 | 6 (2) | 0.114 |
Yes | 38 | 35 (92.1) | 38 | 30 (78.9) | 38 | 24 (63.2) | 38 | 1 (2.6) | 38 | 16 (42.1) | 38 | 3 (7.9) | |||||||
Plant-based meat analogues | No | 86 | 86 (100) | 0.219 | 86 | 66 (76.7) | 0.418 | 86 | 0 (0) | 0.853 | 86 | 12 (14) | 1 | 86 | 85 (98.8) | 0.346 | 89 | 0 (0) | 1 |
Yes | 188 | 182 (96.8) | 192 | 157 (81.8) | 191 | 2 (1) | 192 | 27 (14.1) | 192 | 184 (95.8) | 193 | 0 (0) | |||||||
Yogurt/dairy dessert substitutes | No | 111 | 103 (92.8) | 0.485 | 111 | 57 (51.4) | 0.122 | 111 | 87 (78.4) | 1 | 111 | 39 (35.1) | <0.05 * | 111 | 8 (7.2) | 1 | 111 | 0 (0) | 1 |
Yes | 30 | 26 (86.7) | 30 | 10 (33.3) | 30 | 23 (76.7) | 30 | 3 (10) | 30 | 2 (6.7) | 30 | 0 (0) | |||||||
Yogurts/fermented milk | No | 705 | 579 (82.1) | 1 | 707 | 238 (33.7) | <0.001 * | 709 | 451 (63.6) | <0.001 * | 705 | 418 (59.3) | <0.001 * | 709 | 117 (16.5) | <0.001 * | 709 | 129 (18.2) | <0.001 * |
Yes | 95 | 78 (82.1) | 95 | 7 (7.4) | 95 | 37 (38.9) | 95 | 24 (25.3) | 95 | 31 (32.6) | 95 | 47 (49.5) | |||||||
Total | No | 1998 | 1553 (77.7) | <0.001 * | 2050 | 614 (30) | <0.001 * | 2032 | 991 (48.8) | <0.001 * | 2034 | 645 (31.7) | <0.05 * | 2036 | 611 (30) | <0.001 * | 2056 | 150 (7.3) | <0.001 * |
Yes | 512 | 465 (90.8) | 516 | 270 (52.3) | 515 | 126 (24.5) | 516 | 138 (26.7) | 516 | 277 (53.7) | 517 | 100 (19.3) |
4. Discussion
4.1. Nutritional Quality of Foods with PCs
4.2. Extra Proteins in the Diet
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Types | Total (%) * | No Foods with PCs | |
---|---|---|---|
Total (%) | Fortified (%) * | ||
Bars | 269 | 95 (35.3) | 86 (90.5) |
Biscuits | 637 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Bread | 345 | 36 (10.4) | 8 (22.2) |
Breakfast cereals | 424 | 21 (5) | 6 (28.6) |
Cereal cakes/crackers | 181 | 9 (5) | 1 (11.1) |
Fruit drinks | 251 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Milk/dairy drinks | 402 | 31 (7.7) | 18 (58.1) |
Milk substitutes | 336 | 38 (11.3) | 3 (7.9) |
Plant-based meat analogues | 283 | 193 (68.2) | 173 (89.6) |
Toasted bread | 225 | 13 (5.8) | 4 (30.8) |
Yogurt/dairy dessert substitutes | 141 | 30 (21.3) | 1 (3.3) |
Yogurts/fermented milk | 831 | 95 (11.4) | 39 (41.1) |
Total | 4325 | 561 (13) | 339 (60.4) |
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Beltrá, M.; Borrás, F.; Ropero, A.B. Are Foods with Protein Claims Healthy? A Study of the Spanish Market. Nutrients 2024, 16, 4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244281
Beltrá M, Borrás F, Ropero AB. Are Foods with Protein Claims Healthy? A Study of the Spanish Market. Nutrients. 2024; 16(24):4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244281
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeltrá, Marta, Fernando Borrás, and Ana B. Ropero. 2024. "Are Foods with Protein Claims Healthy? A Study of the Spanish Market" Nutrients 16, no. 24: 4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244281
APA StyleBeltrá, M., Borrás, F., & Ropero, A. B. (2024). Are Foods with Protein Claims Healthy? A Study of the Spanish Market. Nutrients, 16(24), 4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244281