Diet and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age (15–49 Years) in Indigenous Communities of Attappady, Kerala, India
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Study Tools
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Profile of the Study Area and Population
3.2. Dietary Intake of Women of Reproductive Age in Attappady
3.3. Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age in Attappady
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Groups | NPNL-Sedentary (n = 31) | NPNL-Moderate (n = 34) | Pregnant Women (n = 5) | Lactating Mothers (n = 23) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (±SD) (in Grams) | Mean (±SD) (in Grams) | Mean (±SD) (in Grams) | Mean (±SD) (in Grams) | |
Cereals and Millets | 323.0 (121) | 357.4 (112) | 370.8 (147) | 366.2 (142) |
Pluses and Legumes | 61.6 (40) | 66.5 (36) | 94.0 (38) | 77.0 (38) |
Green Leafy Vegetables | 20.8 (33) | 22.9 (31) | 53.4 (40) | 21.3 (29) |
Other Vegetables | 56.4 (85) | 47.5 (57) | 34.1 (56) | 71.2 (70) |
Roots and Tubers | 98.2 (73) | 116.3 (88) | 86.5 (39) | 113.6 (59) |
Nuts and Oils seeds | 8.6 (15) | 9.7 (15) | 7.0 (6) | 11.8 (23) |
Condiments and Spices | 16.5 (12) | 17.5 (11) | 21.7 (7) | 18.1 (9) |
Fruits | 41.0 (43) | 47.5 (43) | 50.0 (34) | 37.2 (31) |
Other Flesh Foods | 18.7 (29) | 7.1 (20) | 23.8 (53) | 16.7 (30) |
Milk and Milk Products | 70.0 (109) | 30.8 (55) | 40.1 (54) | 44.6 (78) |
Fats and Oils | 13.2 (8) | 11.1 (6) | 20.7 (13) | 10.8 (5) |
Sugar and Jaggery | 27.0 (11) | 28.5 (15) | 33.7 (23) | 22.4 (10) |
Nutrients | NPNL (n = 65) | Pregnant Women (n = 5) | Lactating Mothers (n = 23) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (±SD) | RDA | Median (±SD) | RDA | Median (±SD) | RDA | |
Energy (kcal) | 1873.5 (505) | 1660.0 | 1949.9 (564) | 2010.0 | 1945.9 (526) | 2220.0 |
Protein (g) | 53.5 (12) | 46.0 | 63.6 (3) | 68.0 | 57.6 (13) | 61.0 |
Total Fat (g) | 21.9 (17) | 28.0 | 39.4 (15) | 46.0 | 21.9 (13) | 49.0 |
Calcium (mg) | 287.8 (283) | 800.0 | 426.4 (190) | 1000.0 | 279.9 (136) | 1200.0 |
Iron (mg) | 8.7 (6) | 15.0 | 14.8 (7) | 27.0 | 11.3 (3) | 23.0 |
Vitamin A (µg) | 185.5 (356) | 840.0 | 60.5 (446) | 900.0 | 359.0 (495) | 950.0 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.1 | 1.6 (0.2) | 2.0 | 1.3 (0.3) | 2.1 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 0.7 (0.2) | 1.6 | 0.7 (0.1) | 2.7 | 0.7 (0.2) | 2.9 |
Niacin (mg) | 11.4 (3) | 9.0 | 12.7 (3) | 13.5 | 12.3 (3.5) | 16.0 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 40.8 (33) | 55.0 | 83.9 (45) | 70.0 | 48.5 (37.4) | 115.0 |
Total Folate (µg) | 230.2 (548) | 180.0 | 279.2 (61) | 570.0 | 254.4 (78.6) | 330.0 |
Zinc (mg) | 7.1 (2) | 11.0 | 9.2 (0.8) | 14.5 | 7.9 (2.3) | 14.1 |
Nutrient | Physiological Category | <50% of RDA | 50–70% of RDA | ≥70% of RDA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Protein (g) | NPNL-Sedentary | 3.2 | - | 96.8 |
NPNL-Moderate | - | - | 100 | |
Lactating Mother | 4.3 | - | 95.7 | |
Fat (g) | NPNL-Sedentary | 19.4 | 22.6 | 58.1 |
NPNL-Moderate | 14.7 | 26.5 | 58.8 | |
Lactating Mother | 17.4 | 21.7 | 60.9 | |
Energy (kcal) | NPNL-Sedentary | - | 9.7 | 90.3 |
NPNL-Moderate | - | 5.9 | 94.1 | |
Lactating Mother | 4.3 | - | 95.7 | |
Calcium (mg) | NPNL-Sedentary | 87.1 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
NPNL-Moderate | 88.2 | 8.8 | 2.9 | |
Lactating Mother | 91.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | |
Iron (mg) | NPNL-Sedentary | 93.5 | - | 6.5 |
NPNL-Moderate | 91.2 | 8.8 | - | |
Lactating Mother | 82.6 | 17.4 | - | |
Vitamin A (µg) | NPNL-Sedentary | 80.6 | - | 19.4 |
NPNL-Moderate | 64.7 | 14.7 | 20.6 | |
Lactating Mother | 60.9 | 8.7 | 30.4 | |
Thiamine (mg) | NPNL-Sedentary | 9.7 | 38.7 | 51.6 |
NPNL-Moderate | 2.9 | 32.4 | 64.7 | |
Lactating Mother | 4.3 | 17.4 | 78.3 | |
Riboflavin (mg) | NPNL-Sedentary | 87.1 | - | 12.9 |
NPNL-Moderate | 91.2 | - | 8.8 | |
Lactating Mother | 87.0 | - | 13 | |
Niacin (mg) | NPNL-Sedentary | - | 16.1 | 83.9 |
NPNL-Moderate | 2.9 | 2.9 | 94.1 | |
Lactating Mother | 4.3 | 4.3 | 91.3 | |
Vitamin C (mg) | NPNL-Sedentary | 38.7 | 12.9 | 48.4 |
NPNL-Moderate | 35.3 | 23.5 | 41.2 | |
Lactating Mother | 21.7 | 26.1 | 52.2 | |
Dietary Folate (µg) | NPNL-Sedentary | 6.5 | 12.9 | 80.6 |
NPNL-Moderate | 8.8 | 8.8 | 82.4 | |
Lactating Mother | 4.3 | - | 95.7 | |
Zinc (mg) | NPNL-Sedentary | 38.7 | 54.8 | 6.5 |
NPNL-Moderate | 38.2 | 47.1 | 14.7 | |
Lactating Mother | 21.7 | 56.5 | 21.7 |
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Sunu, P.V.; Jaleel, A.; Neeraja, G.; Jayalakshmi, G.; Narasimhulu, D.; Senthilkumar, B.; Santhoshkumar, T.; Sreeramakrishna, K.; Arlappa, N. Diet and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age (15–49 Years) in Indigenous Communities of Attappady, Kerala, India. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162698
Sunu PV, Jaleel A, Neeraja G, Jayalakshmi G, Narasimhulu D, Senthilkumar B, Santhoshkumar T, Sreeramakrishna K, Arlappa N. Diet and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age (15–49 Years) in Indigenous Communities of Attappady, Kerala, India. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162698
Chicago/Turabian StyleSunu, P. V., Abdul Jaleel, G. Neeraja, G. Jayalakshmi, D. Narasimhulu, B. Senthilkumar, T. Santhoshkumar, K. Sreeramakrishna, and N. Arlappa. 2024. "Diet and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age (15–49 Years) in Indigenous Communities of Attappady, Kerala, India" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162698
APA StyleSunu, P. V., Jaleel, A., Neeraja, G., Jayalakshmi, G., Narasimhulu, D., Senthilkumar, B., Santhoshkumar, T., Sreeramakrishna, K., & Arlappa, N. (2024). Diet and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age (15–49 Years) in Indigenous Communities of Attappady, Kerala, India. Nutrients, 16(16), 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162698