Identifying the Leading Sources of Saturated Fat and Added Sugar in U.S. Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Dietary Intake Data
2.3. Identifying Core Foods Contributing to Saturated Fat and Added Sugars
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Food Sources of Saturated Fat
3.2. Food Sources of Added Sugars
3.3. Contributions of Food Sources of Saturated Fat and Added Sugars to Total Intakes
3.4. Representativeness of the SF/AS Food List by Sociodemographic Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Category | 19–30 y | 31–50 y | 51–70 y | >70 y | Male | Female | Total |
Cheese | 8.8% | 8.5% | 8.1% | 6.7% | 8.1% | 8.5% | 8.3% |
Pizza | 7.8% | 5.6% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 6.0% | 4.3% | 5.2% |
Ice cream and frozen dairy desserts | 3.3% | 3.7% | 5.1% | 7.9% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 4.4% |
Eggs and omelets | 3.7% | 3.7% | 3.9% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 3.8% | 3.8% |
Burritos and tacos | 5.0% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 3.5% |
Chicken, whole pieces | 3.2% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 1.8% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 2.7% |
Butter and animal fats | 1.4% | 2.3% | 3.5% | 4.6% | 2.4% | 3.0% | 2.7% |
Burgers (single code) | 3.7% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 2.6% |
Cakes and pies | 1.8% | 2.5% | 2.9% | 3.7% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 2.6% |
Nuts and seeds | 1.6% | 2.3% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% |
Candy containing chocolate | 1.9% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 3.0% | 2.4% |
Cookies and brownies | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.5% | 3.5% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 2.4% |
Meat mixed dishes | 1.9% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 2.3% |
Milk, reduced fat | 2.2% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.2% |
Beef, excludes ground | 2.0% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 2.1% |
Doughnuts, sweet rolls, pastries | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 2.0% |
Milk, whole | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 2.0% |
Pasta mixed dishes, excl. mac and cheese | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.9% |
Sausages | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 1.7% |
Cold cuts and cured meats | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 1.7% |
Other Mexican mixed dishes | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.6% |
Cream and cream substitutes | 0.8% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% |
Salad dressings and vegetable oils | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.5% |
Ground beef | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 1.5% |
French fries and other fried white potatoes | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.5% |
Food Category | Mexican American | Other Hispanic | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Non-Hispanic Asian | Other/ Multiracial | |
Cheese | 5.3% | 6.9% | 8.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 7.1% | |
Pizza | 4.3% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 5.4% | 4.3% | 5.0% | |
Ice cream and frozen dairy desserts | 2.5% | 4.1% | 4.7% | 3.7% | 3.3% | 3.8% | |
Eggs and omelets | 4.9% | 5.1% | 3.8% | 4.1% | 4.3% | 3.8% | |
Burritos and tacos | 12.4% | 4.5% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 4.2% | |
Chicken, whole pieces | 2.4% | 3.4% | 1.8% | 6.4% | 3.7% | 2.7% | |
Butter and animal fats | 1.1% | 1.7% | 3.0% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 2.1% | |
Burgers (single code) | 3.2% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 4.4% | 1.8% | 4.2% | |
Cakes and pies | 1.9% | 2.4% | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 2.9% | |
Nuts and seeds | 1.6% | 1.7% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 4.4% | 2.5% | |
Candy containing chocolate | 1.2% | 1.4% | 2.5% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.0% | |
Cookies and brownies | 2.6% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 3.0% | |
Meat mixed dishes | 1.7% | 1.6% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 2.2% | 2.2% | |
Milk, reduced fat | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 2.1% | 2.2% | |
Beef, excludes ground | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.9% | |
Doughnuts, sweet rolls, pastries | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.5% | |
Milk, whole | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 2.6% | 1.5% | |
Pasta mixed dishes, excl. mac and cheese | 1.4% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 2.6% | |
Sausages | 1.1% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 2.4% | 0.9% | 1.5% | |
Cold cuts and cured meats | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.6% | |
Other Mexican mixed dishes | 7.2% | 3.3% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.8% | 1.8% | |
Cream and cream substitutes | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.4% | |
Salad dressings and vegetable oils | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.4% | |
Ground beef | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.3% | |
French fries and other fried white potatoes | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 1.5% |
Food Category | 19–30 y | 31–50 y | 51–70 y | >70 y | Male | Female | Total |
Soft drinks | 33.6% | 28.9% | 19.3% | 11.3% | 28.8% | 22.5% | 26.0% |
Tea | 6.4% | 7.0% | 7.5% | 5.5% | 6.6% | 7.3% | 6.9% |
Fruit drinks | 8.8% | 6.6% | 5.7% | 5.1% | 6.8% | 6.8% | 6.8% |
Cakes and pies | 3.9% | 6.0% | 7.5% | 10.8% | 5.7% | 7.0% | 6.3% |
Sugars and honey | 3.3% | 5.4% | 6.1% | 5.2% | 4.9% | 5.2% | 5.0% |
Ice cream and frozen dairy desserts | 3.3% | 3.8% | 5.8% | 9.3% | 4.5% | 4.9% | 4.7% |
Cookies and brownies | 3.6% | 3.9% | 5.2% | 7.6% | 4.2% | 4.8% | 4.5% |
Candy containing chocolate | 2.4% | 3.2% | 4.1% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 3.9% | 3.3% |
Sport and energy drinks | 4.5% | 3.3% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 2.8% |
Ready-to-eat cereal, higher sugar (>21.2 g/100 g) | 3.2% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.8% | 2.7% |
Jams, syrups, toppings | 2.0% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 4.0% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.6% |
Candy not containing chocolate | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.7% | 2.3% |
Doughnuts, sweet rolls, pastries | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.4% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.2% |
Yeast breads | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.5% |
Cream and cream substitutes | 0.8% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.9% | 1.4% |
Biscuits, muffins, quick breads | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.4% |
Liquor and cocktails | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.0% |
Yogurt, regular | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.9% |
Tomato-based condiments | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.9% |
Ready-to-eat cereal, lower sugar (≤21.2 g/100 g) | 0.7% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% |
Coffee | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.6% | * | 0.6% | 1.1% | 0.8% |
Salad dressings and vegetable oils | 0.5% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.8% |
Cereal bars | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.7% |
Rolls and buns | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.7% |
Soft drinks | 33.6% | 28.9% | 19.3% | 11.3% | 28.8% | 22.5% | 26.0% |
Food Category | Mexican American | Other Hispanic | Non- Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Non-Hispanic Asian | Other/ Multiracial | |
Soft drinks | 33.6% | 27.8% | 22.6% | 25.3% | 15.7% | 26.8% | |
Tea | 5.4% | 6.2% | 8.7% | 8.2% | 6.1% | 11.2% | |
Fruit drinks | 7.6% | 9.2% | 3.8% | 12.0% | 5.2% | 6.3% | |
Cakes and pies | 4.3% | 5.3% | 5.9% | 5.9% | 6.0% | 5.6% | |
Sugars and honey | 5.4% | 7.9% | 4.7% | 5.5% | 9.0% | 5.9% | |
Ice cream and frozen dairy desserts | 2.8% | 4.1% | 5.2% | 3.4% | 4.3% | 3.0% | |
Cookies and brownies | 4.5% | 4.0% | 5.1% | 4.4% | 6.3% | 4.7% | |
Candy containing chocolate | 1.8% | 1.8% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 3.3% | 2.2% | |
Sport and energy drinks | 4.3% | 2.7% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.1% | 3.5% | |
Ready-to-eat cereal, higher sugar (>21.2 g/100 g) | 2.4% | 1.8% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 2.7% | |
Jams, syrups, toppings | 1.3% | 2.1% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 1.7% | |
Candy not containing chocolate | 1.6% | 1.2% | 2.5% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 2.4% | |
Doughnuts, sweet rolls, pastries | 3.4% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 2.7% | 2.0% | |
Yeast breads | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 2.0% | 1.3% | |
Cream and cream substitutes | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 2.1% | |
Biscuits, muffins, quick breads | 0.6% | 1.0% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.8% | 0.8% | |
Liquor and cocktails | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | |
Yogurt, regular | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.9% | * | 1.0% | * | |
Tomato-based condiments | 0.7% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.8% | |
Ready-to-eat cereal, lower sugar (≤21.2 g/100 g) | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.0% | * | 0.8% | 0.5% | |
Coffee | 1.0% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 2.3% | 1.7% | |
Salad dressings and vegetable oils | * | * | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.5% | |
Cereal bars | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | |
Rolls and buns | * | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.5% | |
Soft drinks | 33.6% | 27.8% | 22.6% | 25.3% | 15.7% | 26.8% |
Day | Dietary Component | Intakes from SF/AS Food List 1 | Intakes from Total Day 1 | % of Day from SF/AS Food List 1 | Percent Obtaining ≥90% of Day’s Intakes from SF/AS Food List 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 n = 36,355 | Energy (kcal) | 1888 (8) | 2151 (8) | 87.3% (0.1) | 52.3% |
Protein (gm) | 75.8 (0.4) | 83 (0.4) | 91.0% (0.1) | 71.5% | |
Carbohydrate (gm) | 215 (1) | 256 (1) | 83.0% (0.2) | 42.4% | |
Total fat (gm) | 80.1 (0.4) | 83.2 (0.4) | 95.6% (0.1) | 87.3% | |
Saturated fat (gm) | 26.5 (0.2) | 27.2 (0.2) | 96.5% (0.1) | 90.3% | |
Added sugars (tsp. eq.) | 17.3 (0.2) | 17.8 (0.2) | 95.0% (0.1) | 88.2% | |
Day 2 n = 31,756 | Energy (kcal) | 1780 (9) | 2030 (10) | 86.9% (0.2) | 51.1% |
Protein (gm) | 74.1 (0.4) | 81.2 (0.4) | 90.5% (0.1) | 70.7% | |
Carbohydrate (gm) | 203 (1) | 244 (1) | 81.8% (0.2) | 39.9% | |
Total fat (gm) | 75.3 (0.5) | 78.3 (0.5) | 95.3% (0.1) | 86.9% | |
Saturated fat (gm) | 24.9 (0.2) | 25.6 (0.2) | 96.1% (0.1) | 89.5% | |
Added sugars (tsp. eq.) | 15.5 (0.2) | 15.9 (0.2) | 94.7% (0.2) | 88.4% | |
Average n = 36,355 | Energy (kcal) | 1837 (8) | 2097 (8) | 87.3% (0.1) | 48.5% |
Protein (gm) | 75 (0.3) | 82.3 (0.3) | 91.0% (0.1) | 69.3% | |
Carbohydrate (gm) | 209 (1) | 250 (1) | 82.6% (0.2) | 35.7% | |
Total fat (gm) | 77.9 (0.4) | 81 (0.4) | 95.7% (0.1) | 87.5% | |
Saturated fat (gm) | 25.8 (0.1) | 26.5 (0.1) | 96.7% (0.1) | 91.4% | |
Added sugars (tsp. eq.) | 16.5 (0.2) | 17 (0.2) | 95.8% (0.1) | 88.2% |
Food Category | Both Days | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reported on Day 1 | Reported on Day 2 | Not Reported on Either Day | Reported on 1 Day | Reported on Both Days | Reported on Either Day | |
Soft drinks | 53.1% | 53.5% | 41.1% | 16.8% | 42.1% | 58.9% |
Tea | 39.3% | 41.8% | 43.5% | 36.3% | 20.3% | 56.5% |
Fruit drinks | 36.9% | 34.6% | 47.9% | 36.6% | 15.5% | 52.1% |
Cakes and pies | 30.9% | 27.2% | 61.7% | 22.1% | 16.2% | 38.3% |
Sugars and honey | 27.1% | 26.9% | 64.3% | 20.6% | 15.1% | 35.7% |
Ice cream and frozen dairy desserts | 21.2% | 23.5% | 66.1% | 26.2% | 7.8% | 33.9% |
Cookies and brownies | 20.1% | 21.6% | 66.1% | 28.5% | 5.4% | 33.9% |
Candy containing chocolate | 20.9% | 21.8% | 66.7% | 26.1% | 7.2% | 33.3% |
Sport and energy drinks | 22.2% | 18.7% | 67.0% | 27.6% | 5.4% | 33.0% |
Ready-to-eat cereal, higher sugar (>21.2 g/100 g) | 21.8% | 19.2% | 67.7% | 25.6% | 6.7% | 32.3% |
Jams, syrups, toppings | 20.0% | 20.6% | 68.1% | 25.4% | 6.6% | 31.9% |
Candy not containing chocolate | 19.4% | 19.8% | 68.7% | 25.4% | 5.9% | 31.3% |
Doughnuts, sweet rolls, pastries | 23.4% | 22.1% | 70.2% | 16.8% | 13.0% | 29.8% |
Yeast breads | 19.8% | 19.2% | 71.1% | 20.7% | 8.2% | 28.9% |
Cream and cream substitutes | 22.8% | 22.4% | 72.5% | 12.3% | 15.3% | 27.5% |
Biscuits, muffins, quick breads | 17.4% | 16.3% | 72.5% | 23.1% | 4.3% | 27.5% |
Liquor and cocktails | 16.8% | 15.4% | 73.5% | 22.7% | 3.8% | 26.5% |
Yogurt, regular | 16.2% | 14.4% | 74.5% | 22.1% | 3.3% | 25.5% |
Tomato-based condiments | 14.8% | 15.0% | 76.1% | 19.8% | 4.1% | 23.9% |
Ready-to-eat cereal, lower sugar (≤21.2 g/100 g) | 15.1% | 14.0% | 76.8% | 18.7% | 4.4% | 23.2% |
Coffee | 15.4% | 15.9% | 78.6% | 13.2% | 8.1% | 21.4% |
Salad dressings and vegetable oils | 14.7% | 11.9% | 78.7% | 17.2% | 4.1% | 21.3% |
Cereal bars | 12.6% | 12.7% | 79.1% | 18.0% | 3.0% | 20.9% |
Rolls and buns | 13.1% | 11.8% | 79.8% | 16.7% | 3.5% | 20.2% |
Soft drinks | 12.3% | 11.6% | 79.9% | 17.7% | 2.4% | 20.1% |
Characteristic | Category | Met ≥90% of Saturated Fat from SF/AS Food List | Met ≥90% of Added Sugars from SF/AS Food List | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day 1 | Day 2 | Total | Day 1 | Day 2 | Total | ||
Gender | Male | 91.3% | 90.6% | 92.5% | 89.0% | 89.1% | 89.4% |
Female | 89.4% | 88.5% | 90.4% | 87.5% | 87.7% | 87.0% | |
Age categories | 19–30 years | 91.9% | 90.3% | 92.9% | 90.0% | 88.2% | 89.7% |
31–50 years | 90.3% | 90.0% | 91.7% | 88.7% | 89.2% | 88.7% | |
51–70 years | 89.9% | 89.3% | 90.8% | 87.0% | 88.0% | 87.3% | |
>70 years | 88.3% | 87.1% | 88.9% | 86.6% | 87.3% | 85.8% | |
Race/Ethnicity | Mexican American | 92.9% | 92.5% | 93.5% | 92.1% | 91.3% | 91.8% |
Other Hispanic | 90.1% | 88.8% | 91.5% | 89.7% | 89.0% | 89.2% | |
Non-Hispanic White | 90.4% | 89.5% | 91.7% | 87.0% | 87.6% | 86.9% | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 89.2% | 88.4% | 90.0% | 91.6% | 90.9% | 91.7% | |
Asian | 85.7% | 86.1% | 85.8% | 86.2% | 85.3% | 86.4% | |
Other or Multiracial | 90.1% | 90.3% | 90.6% | 90.1% | 89.3% | 90.6% |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Taylor, C.A.; Madril, P.; Weiss, R.; Thomson, C.A.; Dunton, G.F.; Jospe, M.R.; Richardson, K.M.; Bedrick, E.J.; Schembre, S.M. Identifying the Leading Sources of Saturated Fat and Added Sugar in U.S. Adults. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152474
Taylor CA, Madril P, Weiss R, Thomson CA, Dunton GF, Jospe MR, Richardson KM, Bedrick EJ, Schembre SM. Identifying the Leading Sources of Saturated Fat and Added Sugar in U.S. Adults. Nutrients. 2024; 16(15):2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152474
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaylor, Christopher A., Peter Madril, Rick Weiss, Cynthia A. Thomson, Genevieve F. Dunton, Michelle R. Jospe, Kelli M. Richardson, Edward J. Bedrick, and Susan M. Schembre. 2024. "Identifying the Leading Sources of Saturated Fat and Added Sugar in U.S. Adults" Nutrients 16, no. 15: 2474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152474