Infant Formula with 50% or More of Palmitic Acid Bound to the sn-2 Position of Triacylglycerols Eliminate the Association between Formula-Feeding and the Increase of Fecal Palmitic Acid Levels in Newborns: An Exploratory Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Categorization of Infant Formulas
2.2. Study Design and Participants
2.3. Data and Sample Collection
2.4. Anthropometric Data Collection
2.5. Analysis of Total PA and Soaped PA Levels in Stool
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population and Demographic Data
3.2. Association between Feeding Volume of High or Low sn-2 PA Milk and Anthropometric Data
3.3. Association between Feeding Volume of High or Low sn-2 PA Milk and Fecal PA Levels
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Infant Formula | Sn-2 PA in Total PA | Category |
---|---|---|
(%) | ||
A | 55.3 | High sn-2 PA milk |
B | 52.9 | |
C | 39.5 | Low sn-2 PA milk |
D | 37.5 | |
E | 11.9 | |
F | 11.7 | |
G | 11.4 | |
H | 10.3 | |
I | 6.4 | |
J | 6.1 |
Unit | Total (n = 149) | Sub-Grouped by Feeding Types | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exclusively Breastfed Infants (n = 31) | Formula-Fed Infants | p Value * | ||||
High sn-2 PA Milk-Fed (n = 40) | Low sn-2 PA Milk-Fed (n = 78) | |||||
Maternal data | ||||||
Age at birth | days | 34.4 ± 5.4 | 32.9 ± 4.8 | 34.5 ± 5.3 | 35.0 ± 5.5 | 0.172 |
BMI before pregnancy | kg/m2 | 21.5 ± 3.5 | 21.1 ± 3.0 | 21.5 ± 3.5 | 21.6 ± 3.7 | 0.816 |
Maximum BMI during pregnancy | kg/m2 | 25.5 ± 3.3 | 25.1 ± 2.7 | 25.6 ± 3.6 | 25.6 ± 3.4 | 0.749 |
Nationality (not Japanese) | person | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.5%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0.667 |
Missing | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
History of prior births before | person | 69 (46.3%) | 15 (48.4%) | 17 (42.5%) | 37 (47.4%) | 0.849 |
C-section (yes) | person | 47 (31.5%) | 8 (25.8%) | 14 (35.0%) | 25 (32.1%) | 0.704 |
Administration of antimicrobials before birth (yes) | person | 25 (16.8%) | 6 (19.4%) | 6 (15.0%) | 13 (16.7%) | 0.856 |
Missing | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Intake of lactobacillus/bifidobacteria supplements during pregnancy (yes) | person | 8 (5.4%) | 1 (3.2%) | 2 (5.0%) | 5 (6.4%) | 0.811 |
Missing | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Paternal data | ||||||
Nationality (not Japanese) | person | 5 (3.4%) | 1 (3.2%) | 2 (5.0%) | 2 (2.6%) | 0.786 |
Missing | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Infant data | ||||||
Sex (girls) | person | 80 (53.7%) | 16 (51.6%) | 24 (60.0%) | 40 (51.3%) | 0.665 |
Missing | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Gestational age at birth | weeks | 39.3 ± 1.1 | 39.3 ± 0.9 | 39.3 ± 1.2 | 39.2 ± 1.2 | 0.928 |
Weight at birth | g | 3058.5 ± 304.9 | 3059.7 ± 280.9 | 3070.6 ± 295.1 | 3051.7 ± 321.9 | 0.951 |
Length at birth | cm | 48.7 ± 2.9 | 48.6 ± 1.5 | 48.6 ± 1.6 | 48.8 ± 3.8 | 0.907 |
Head circumference at birth | cm | 33.6 ± 1.2 | 33.4 ± 1.2 | 33.7 ± 1.1 | 33.7 ± 1.2 | 0.452 |
Age at the 1-month clinical visit | days | 33.6 ± 5.3 | 33.9 ± 5.6 | 33.9 ± 4.0 | 33.3 ± 5.7 | 0.790 |
Use of antimicrobials until 1 month (yes) | person | 3 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0.248 |
Feeding volume of infant formula | mL/day/kg | - | - | 67.4 ± 57.3 | 84.7 ± 61.8 | 0.143 |
Formula-Fed | p-Value * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Exclusively Breastfed | High sn-2 PA Milk-Fed | Low sn-2 PA Milk-Fed | ||
(n = 31) | (n = 40) | (n = 78) | ||
At 1 month | ||||
Weight (kg) | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 0.630 |
Length (cm) | 53.9 ± 1.7 | 53.9 ± 1.8 | 53.6 ± 1.9 | 0.629 |
Head circumference (cm) | 37.0 ± 1.2 | 37.0 ± 1.3 | 37.0 ± 1.1 | 0.990 |
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Shoji, H.; Arai, H.; Kakiuchi, S.; Ito, A.; Sato, K.; Jinno, S.; Takahashi, N.; Masumoto, K.; Yoda, H.; Shimizu, T. Infant Formula with 50% or More of Palmitic Acid Bound to the sn-2 Position of Triacylglycerols Eliminate the Association between Formula-Feeding and the Increase of Fecal Palmitic Acid Levels in Newborns: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111558
Shoji H, Arai H, Kakiuchi S, Ito A, Sato K, Jinno S, Takahashi N, Masumoto K, Yoda H, Shimizu T. Infant Formula with 50% or More of Palmitic Acid Bound to the sn-2 Position of Triacylglycerols Eliminate the Association between Formula-Feeding and the Increase of Fecal Palmitic Acid Levels in Newborns: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients. 2024; 16(11):1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111558
Chicago/Turabian StyleShoji, Hiromichi, Hiroko Arai, Satsuki Kakiuchi, Atsushi Ito, Keigo Sato, Shinji Jinno, Naoto Takahashi, Kenichi Masumoto, Hitoshi Yoda, and Toshiaki Shimizu. 2024. "Infant Formula with 50% or More of Palmitic Acid Bound to the sn-2 Position of Triacylglycerols Eliminate the Association between Formula-Feeding and the Increase of Fecal Palmitic Acid Levels in Newborns: An Exploratory Study" Nutrients 16, no. 11: 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111558