Bioactivity of Macronutrients from Chlorella in Physical Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Chlorella spp. and Physical Exercise
4. Bioactive Macronutrients from Chlorella and Physical Exercise
4.1. Benefits of Proteins and Peptides from Chlorella for Physical Exercise
4.2. Benefits of Polysaccharides from Chlorella for Physical Exercise
4.3. Benefits of Fatty Acids from Chlorella for Physical Exercise
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Components | |
---|---|
Macronutrients | |
Proteins | All the essential amino acids |
Carbohydrates | α- and β-glucans, fiber |
Lipids | PUFAs (linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid) |
Micronutrients | |
Minerals | Na+, K+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+ |
Vitamins | A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, E, K1, folic and pantothenic acids, niacin |
Pigments | Chlorophylls, carotenoids, lutein |
Subjects | Supplementation Protocol | Exercise Protocols and Tests | Results |
---|---|---|---|
ICR mice, male Healthy | C. vulgaris (Hot water extract) Dosage: 0.05–0.15 g/kg/day Intervention: 1 week | Training: -- Forced swimming test (6′, measured the total duration of immobility. | ↓ Immobility time, BUN, CK, and LDH No effect: Glc, TP [30] |
ICR mice, male 4 weeks old Healthy | C. vulgaris (Hydrolyzed) Dosage: 10 mL/kg/day Intervention: 2 weeks | Training: -- Forced swimming test (6′, measured the total duration of immobility. | ↑ IFN-γ, IL-2 (in Molt-4 cells) ↓ Immobility time, BUN [31] |
BALB/c mice, male 6 weeks old Healthy | Chlorella powder in chow Dosage: 0.5%, 1 mg/kg/day Intervention: 2 weeks | Training: -- Forced swimming test (Measured the maximum swimming time). | ↑ Swimming time, FFA, Glc, TG, and lactic acid. ↓ Oxidoreductase activity and the leukotriene synthesis pathway [32] |
Men and women ≈21 years old Healthy | Chlorella tablets Dosage: 15 tablets, 2 times/day Intervention: 4 weeks | Training: -- Maximal exercise test (Incremental cycling to exhaustion). | ↑ VO2 peak [33] |
Sprague-Dawley rats, male 12 weeks old Healthy | Chlorella powder in chow Dosage: 0.5% Intervention: 6 weeks | Training: HIIE (14 × 20″ swim, with a 10″ pause between series, bearing a weight, 4 days/week, for 6 week). Exercise performance test (Maximal number of HIIE). | ↑ number HIIE sessions, the expression of MCT1, MCT4, and PPARγ coactivator-1α, and the activities of LDH, CS, and COX in the red region of gastrocnemius. No effect: MCT1 expression and LDH, CS, and COX activities in the white region of gastrocnemius [34] |
OLETF rats, male 20 weeks old Type 2 diabetics | Chlorella powder in chow Dosage: 0.5% Intervention: 8 week | Training: Aerobic exercise (running on the treadmill for 1 h, 25 m/min, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks). | ↑ insulin sensitivity index concomitant with muscle PI3K activity, Akt phosphorylation, and GLUT4 translocation levels ↓ fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, and total glucose AUC during the OGTT [35] |
Men ≈23 years old Overweight | C. vulgaris tablets Dosage: 300 mg, 4 times/day Intervention: 1 week | Training: -- Acute eccentric exercise protocol (20´ treadmill run at a speed of 9 km/h with a negative 10% slope, 1 week after supplementation) | ↓ IL-6 levels and insulin resistance, 24 h after acute eccentric exercise test [36] |
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Lorenzo, K.; Santocildes, G.; Torrella, J.R.; Magalhães, J.; Pagès, T.; Viscor, G.; Torres, J.L.; Ramos-Romero, S. Bioactivity of Macronutrients from Chlorella in Physical Exercise. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092168
Lorenzo K, Santocildes G, Torrella JR, Magalhães J, Pagès T, Viscor G, Torres JL, Ramos-Romero S. Bioactivity of Macronutrients from Chlorella in Physical Exercise. Nutrients. 2023; 15(9):2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092168
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo, Karenia, Garoa Santocildes, Joan Ramon Torrella, José Magalhães, Teresa Pagès, Ginés Viscor, Josep Lluís Torres, and Sara Ramos-Romero. 2023. "Bioactivity of Macronutrients from Chlorella in Physical Exercise" Nutrients 15, no. 9: 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092168
APA StyleLorenzo, K., Santocildes, G., Torrella, J. R., Magalhães, J., Pagès, T., Viscor, G., Torres, J. L., & Ramos-Romero, S. (2023). Bioactivity of Macronutrients from Chlorella in Physical Exercise. Nutrients, 15(9), 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092168