Voluntary Hydration with Skimmed Lactose-Free Milk during Exercise in the Heat: Exploring Effectiveness and Tolerance
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Meaningful Mean Difference | Statistical Power |
---|---|---|
Final urine specific gravity | 0.003 | 0.9345 |
Voluntary fluid intake | 220 mL | 0.9036 |
Urine volume | 60 mL | 0.9302 |
Percent dehydration | 0.5% BM | 0.9964 |
Sweat rate | 75 mL/h | 0.8606 |
GI symptoms | 0.2 a.u. | >0.85 * |
Variable | Water (Mean) | Milk (Mean) | No Drink (Mean) |
---|---|---|---|
Room temperature (°C) | 32.0 | 32.1 | 31.7 |
Room relative humidity (%) | 69.3 | 69.0 | 70.1 |
Average heart rate (bpm) | 134.9 | 136.3 | 135.9 |
Average rating of perceived exertion | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.7 |
Baseline body mass (kg) | 67.41 | 67.36 | 67.43 |
Initial Urine Specific Gravity | 1.018 | 1.018 | 1.019 |
Final Urine Specific Gravity | 1.016 a | 1.022 | 1.021 |
Voluntary fluid intake (mL) | 1206.2 b | 918.8 | 0 d |
Urine output (mL) | 220.4 a | 81.3 | 86.1 |
Dehydration (% BM) | 0.28 | −0.07 | 1.38 c |
Sweat rate (mL/h) | 538.5 | 599.6 | 567.2 |
Effects Tests | Sum of Squares | F-Value | Probability > F |
---|---|---|---|
Condition | 0.004 | 0.029 | 0.971 |
Measuring time | 1.907 | 25.725 | <0.0001 |
Condition × measurement time | 6.294 | 42.437 | <0.0001 |
Subject of measurement | 3.507 | 2.956 | 0.0002 |
Symptom | 0 min | 30 min | 60 min | 90 min | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | SM | ND | W | SM | ND | W | SM | ND | W | SM | ND | p-Value (Cond.) | |
Reflux | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.0685 |
Heartburn | 0 | 0.38 | 0 | 0 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1873 |
Ab. distension | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.20 | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.0492 a |
Cramping | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3701 |
Vomiting | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ------ |
Nausea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ------ |
Intestinal cramps | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.3701 |
Urge to defecate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3701 |
Flatulence | 0 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.56 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.0635 |
Abdominal pain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.63 | 0.13 | 0 | 0.63 | 0 | 0 | 0.50 | 0 | 0.0008 b |
Loose stools/diarrhea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ------ |
Dizziness | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.1439 |
Headache | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ------ |
Muscle cramping | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.38 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.0972 |
Urge to urinate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.88 | 0.13 | 0.88 | 1.38 | 0.75 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 0.38 | 0.63 | 0.2464 |
Thick Saliva | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.31 | 0 | 0 | 0.69 | 0.31 | 0 | 0.94 | 0.38 | 0.0007 b |
Belching | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.19 | 1.19 | 0 | 0.31 | 1.00 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 1.00 | 0.31 | 0.0001 b |
Fullness | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.69 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 1.19 | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 0.0861 |
Thirst | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.38 | 0 | 0 | 0.44 | 0 | 0 | 0.44 | 0.0283 a |
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Aragón-Vargas, L.F.; Garzón-Mosquera, J.C.; Montoya-Arroyo, J.A. Voluntary Hydration with Skimmed Lactose-Free Milk during Exercise in the Heat: Exploring Effectiveness and Tolerance. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2069. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092069
Aragón-Vargas LF, Garzón-Mosquera JC, Montoya-Arroyo JA. Voluntary Hydration with Skimmed Lactose-Free Milk during Exercise in the Heat: Exploring Effectiveness and Tolerance. Nutrients. 2023; 15(9):2069. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092069
Chicago/Turabian StyleAragón-Vargas, Luis F., Julián Camilo Garzón-Mosquera, and Johnny A. Montoya-Arroyo. 2023. "Voluntary Hydration with Skimmed Lactose-Free Milk during Exercise in the Heat: Exploring Effectiveness and Tolerance" Nutrients 15, no. 9: 2069. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092069
APA StyleAragón-Vargas, L. F., Garzón-Mosquera, J. C., & Montoya-Arroyo, J. A. (2023). Voluntary Hydration with Skimmed Lactose-Free Milk during Exercise in the Heat: Exploring Effectiveness and Tolerance. Nutrients, 15(9), 2069. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092069