Assessment of Dietary Intake of Iodine and Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Children with Classical Galactosaemia on Dietary Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.2.1. Demographics
2.2.2. Assessment of Estimated Iodine Intake
2.2.3. Assessment of Estimated Iodine Intake versus Recommendations
2.2.4. Comparison of Iodine Intake in Classical Galactosaemia versus the General Population
2.2.5. Projected Impact of Iodine Fortification on Dairy Alternative Products
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Assessment of Estimated Iodine Intake in Age Groups
3.3. Assessment of Estimated Iodine Intake versus Recommendations
3.4. Comparison of Iodine Intake in CG versus the General Population
3.5. Dietary Sources of Iodine for Children with CG
3.6. Projected Impact of Iodine Fortification on Dairy Alternative Products in Ireland
4. Discussion
4.1. Demographics
4.2. Assessment of Estimated iodine Intake versus Recommendations
4.3. Comparison of Iodine Intake in CG versus the General Population
4.4. Dietary Sources of Iodine for Children with CG
4.5. Projected Impact of Iodine Fortification on Dairy Alternative Products in Ireland
4.6. Effect of Soya as a Goitrogen
4.7. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physiological Group | Health Consequences of Iodine Deficiency |
---|---|
All ages | Goitre Hypothyroidism |
Foetus | Spontaneous abortion Stillbirth Congenital anomalies Perinatal mortality |
Neonate | Endemic cretinism including mental deficiency with a combination of mutism, spastic diplegia, squint, hypothyroidism and short stature Infant mortality |
Child and adolescent | Impaired cognitive function Delayed physical development Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism # |
Adults | Impaired cognitive function Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism # |
N = 43 | n | % | Meeting Recommendations (n) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Sex | 0.71 | ||||
Male | 17 | 39.5 | 8 | 9 | |
Female | 26 | 60.5 | 15 | 11 | |
EFSA AI age groups | 0.06 | ||||
7–11 months | 5 | 11.7 | 5 | 0 | |
1–10 years | 25 | 58.1 | 13 | 12 | |
11–18 years | 13 | 30.2 | 5 | 8 | |
Ethnicity/cultural group | 0.41 | ||||
Irish | 20 | 46.5 | 12 | 8 | |
Irish Traveller | 22 | 51.2 | 10 | 12 | |
Any other white background | 1 | 2.3 | 1 | 0 | |
Education level of parents | 0.11 | ||||
Primary | 3 | 7.0 | 1 | 2 | |
Secondary (lower and upper secondary) | 22 | 51.2 | 9 | 13 | |
Third level and postgraduate | 18 | 41.9 | 13 | 5 |
Age Group | % Meeting EFSA AI Values | ||
---|---|---|---|
Current Intake | Fortification Strategy 1 | Fortification Strategy 2 | |
1–10 years | 52 | 72 | 100 |
11–18 years | 39 | 69 | 77 |
1–18 years | 47 | 71 | 92 |
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Milner, D.; Boyle, F.; McNulty, J.; Knerr, I. Assessment of Dietary Intake of Iodine and Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Children with Classical Galactosaemia on Dietary Treatment. Nutrients 2023, 15, 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020407
Milner D, Boyle F, McNulty J, Knerr I. Assessment of Dietary Intake of Iodine and Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Children with Classical Galactosaemia on Dietary Treatment. Nutrients. 2023; 15(2):407. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020407
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilner, Dearbhla, Fiona Boyle, Jenny McNulty, and Ina Knerr. 2023. "Assessment of Dietary Intake of Iodine and Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Children with Classical Galactosaemia on Dietary Treatment" Nutrients 15, no. 2: 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020407
APA StyleMilner, D., Boyle, F., McNulty, J., & Knerr, I. (2023). Assessment of Dietary Intake of Iodine and Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Children with Classical Galactosaemia on Dietary Treatment. Nutrients, 15(2), 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020407