Longitudinal Assessment of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Postpartum—Are the Current Recommendations for Supplementation Sufficient?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics and Pregnancy Outcomes
3.2. Vitamin D Deficiency during Pregnancy
3.3. Vitamin D Supplementation and Nutritional Vitamin D Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Participants n = 249 | |
---|---|
GA at study inclusion in weeks, median (IQR) | 12.43 (12.0–13.0) |
Maternal age in years, median (IQR) | 31 (26–34) |
BMI in kg/m2, median (IQR), booking | 23.31 (20.55–27.05) |
Ethnicity | |
Caucasian, n (%) | 221 (94) |
African, n (%) | 3 (1.3) |
Asian, n (%) | 8 (3.4) |
Hispanic, n (%) | 2 (0.9) |
Mixed, n (%) | 1 (0.4) |
Conception | |
Spontaneous, n (%) | 208 (87.8) |
Assisted, n (%) | 29 (12.2) |
Smoking, n (%) | 40 (16.1) |
Nulliparous, n (%) | 113 (47.7) |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, median (IQR) | 120 (112–127) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, median (IQR) | 78 (72–84) |
Twin pregnancy, n (%) | 51 (20.5) |
Monochorionic diamniotic, n (%) | 17 (33.3) |
Monochorionic monoamniotic, n (%) | 2 (3.9) |
Dichorionic diamniotic, n (%) | 32 (62.8) |
Vitamin D < 50 nmol/L n = 114 | Vitamin D > 50 nmol/L n = 67 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Preterm birth, n (%) | 12 (10.5) | 5 (7.5) | 0.49 |
HDP, n (%) | 6 (5.3) | 2 (3.0) | 0.47 |
GDM, n (%) | 13 (11.4) | 4 (6.0) | 0.23 |
IGDM, n (%) | 12 (10.5) | 3 (4.5) | 0.15 |
PROM, n (%) | 10 (8.8) | 8 (11.9) | 0.49 |
Preterm labor, n (%) | 5 (4.4) | 4 (6.0) | 0.64 |
Cervical insufficiency, n (%) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.5) | 0.89 |
NICU admission, n (%) | 6 (5.3) | 2 (3.0) | 0.46 |
RDS, n (%) SGA, n (%) | 6 (5.3) 17 (15.2) | 3 (4.5) 6 (9.2) | 0.80 0.26 |
Mean Change nmol/L | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Visit 2 | 0.69 | −1.56–2.93 | 0.55 |
Visit 3 | 0.31 | −2.47–3.08 | 0.83 |
Visit 4 | −2.89 | −6.26–0.48 | 0.09 |
Vitamin D supplementation | 11.72 | 7.92–15.51 | <0.001 |
Summer | 9.91 | 6.0–13.81 | <0.001 |
Winter | −4.4 | −7.73–1.07 | 0.009 |
Autumn | 3.64 | −0.25–7.52 | 0.07 |
Suntan in the past 3 months | 9.16 | 4.62–13.70 | <0.001 |
BMI at booking | −0.68 | −1.07–0.30 | <0.001 |
Covering | −10.19 | −17.28–3.11 | 0.005 |
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Palmrich, P.; Thajer, A.; Schirwani, N.; Haberl, C.; Zeisler, H.; Ristl, R.; Binder, J. Longitudinal Assessment of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Postpartum—Are the Current Recommendations for Supplementation Sufficient? Nutrients 2023, 15, 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020339
Palmrich P, Thajer A, Schirwani N, Haberl C, Zeisler H, Ristl R, Binder J. Longitudinal Assessment of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Postpartum—Are the Current Recommendations for Supplementation Sufficient? Nutrients. 2023; 15(2):339. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020339
Chicago/Turabian StylePalmrich, Pilar, Alexandra Thajer, Nawa Schirwani, Christina Haberl, Harald Zeisler, Robin Ristl, and Julia Binder. 2023. "Longitudinal Assessment of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Postpartum—Are the Current Recommendations for Supplementation Sufficient?" Nutrients 15, no. 2: 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020339
APA StylePalmrich, P., Thajer, A., Schirwani, N., Haberl, C., Zeisler, H., Ristl, R., & Binder, J. (2023). Longitudinal Assessment of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Postpartum—Are the Current Recommendations for Supplementation Sufficient? Nutrients, 15(2), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020339