Comparisons of Different Carbohydrate Quality Indices for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Examinations at Baseline
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Carbohydrate Quality Indices
2.5. Type 2 Diabetes Case Ascertainment
2.6. Other Variables
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Type 2 Diabetes Risk
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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10:1 CHO:FI 1 | 10:1:1 CHO:FI:FS 2 | 10:1:2 CHO:FI:FS 3 | 10:1&1:2 CHO:FS&FS:FI 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 21,328) | Yes (n = 5294) | No (n = 26,118) | Yes (n = 504) | No (n = 23,399) | Yes (n = 3223) | No (n = 22,732) | Yes (n = 3890) | |
Females (%) | 12,238 (57.4) | 4069 (76.7) | 15,912 (60.9) | 395 (78.4) | 13,853 (59.2) | 2454 (76.1) | 2974 (58.7) | 2974 (76.5) |
Mean (SD) | ||||||||
Age (years) | 58.0 (7.7) | 57.8 (7.4) | 58.0 (7.6) | 56.0 (7.1) | 58.1 (7.7) | 57.4 (7.3) | 58.0 (7.7) | 57.6 (7.4) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.6 (3.9) | 25.6 (4.0) | 25.6 (3.9) | 26.4 (4.5) | 25.6 (3.9) | 25.8 (4.0) | 25.6 (3.9) | 25.7 (4.0) |
Total energy (kcal/day) | 2345 (658) | 2015 (559) | 2290 (651) | 1742 (527) | 2324 (653) | 1955 (555) | 2333 (654) | 1967 (551) |
Carbohydrate intake (E%) | 45.1 (5.9) | 45.9 (6.5) | 45.2 (6.0) | 45.0 (7.4) | 45.2 (6.0) | 45.3 (6.6) | 45.2 (6.0) | 45.5 (6.6) |
Fiber intake (g/1000 kcal) | 8.4 (1.9) | 13.0 (2.6) | 9.2 (2.7) | 13.9 (3.5) | 8.8 (2.3) | 13.1 (2.8) | 8.7 (2.1) | 13.2 (2.8) |
Free sugar intake (E%) | 11.7 (4.5) | 8.3 (3.4) | 11.2 (4.4) | 3.2 (1.1) | 11.7 (4.3) | 6.3 (2.0) | 11.7 (4.4) | 6.9 (2.4) |
N (%) | ||||||||
Education level | ||||||||
Less than 9 years | 9221 (43.2) | 11,059 (34.7) | 10,858 (41.6) | 201 (39.9) | 9881 (42.2) | 1178 (36.5) | 9667 (42.5) | 1392 (35.8) |
9 years | 5470 (25.6) | 1523 (28.8) | 6878 (26.3) | 115 (22.8) | 6109 (26.1) | 884 (27.4) | 5918 (26.0) | 1075 (27.6) |
Upper secondary school | 1914 (9.0) | 465 (8.8) | 2333 (8.9) | 46 (9.1) | 2111 (9.0) | 268 (8.3) | 2045 (9.0) | 334 (8.6) |
University, no degree | 1806 (8.5) | 540 (10.2) | 2293 (8.8) | 53 (10.5) | 2030 (8.7) | 316 (9.8) | 1947 (8.6) | 399 (10.3) |
University degree | 2917 (13.7) | 928 (17.5) | 3756 (14.4) | 89 (17.7) | 3268 (14.0) | 577 (17.9) | 3155 (13.9) | 690 (17.7) |
Smoking habits | ||||||||
Current | 6480 (30.4) | 1077 (20.3) | 7420 (28.4) | 137 (27.2) | 6866 (29.3) | 691 (21.4) | 6744 (29.7) | 813 (20.9) |
Former | 6993 (32.8) | 1941 (36.7) | 8749 (33.5) | 185 (36.7) | 7726 (33.0) | 1208 (37.5) | 7483 (32.9) | 1451 (37.3) |
Never | 7855 (36.8) | 2276 (43.0) | 9949 (38.1) | 182 (36.1) | 8807 (37.6) | 1324 (41.1) | 8505 (37.4) | 1626 (41.8) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
Zero consumers | 1269 (5.9) | 350 (6.6) | 1572 (6.0) | 47 (9.3) | 1406 (6.0) | 213 (6.6) | 1344 (5.9) | 275 (7.1) |
Quintile 1 | 3931 (18.4) | 974 (18.4) | 4788 (18.3) | 117 (23.2) | 4332 (18.5) | 573 (17.8) | 4207 (18.5) | 698 (17.9) |
Quintile 2 | 4004 (18.8) | 945 (17.9) | 4876 (18.7) | 73 (14.5) | 4402 (18.8) | 547 (17.0) | 4263 (18.8) | 686 (17.6) |
Quintile 3 | 4025 (18.9) | 1012 (19.1) | 4946 (18.9) | 91 (18.1) | 4433 (18.9) | 604 (18.7) | 4309 (19.0) | 728 (18.7) |
Quintile 4 | 4021 (18.9) | 1040 (19.6) | 4975 (19.0) | 86 (17.1) | 4397 (18.8) | 664 (20.6) | 4289 (18.9) | 772 (19.8) |
Quintile 5 | 4078 (19.1) | 973 (18.4) | 4961 (19.0) | 90 (17.9) | 4429 (18.9) | 622 (19.3) | 4320 (19.0) | 731 (18.8) |
LTPA (METh/week) | ||||||||
<7.5 | 2151 (10.1) | 375 (7.1) | 2484 (9.5) | 42 (8.3) | 2287 (9.8) | 239 (7.4) | 2239 (9.8) | 287 (7.4) |
7.5–15 | 3300 (15.5) | 679 (12.8) | 3904 (14.9) | 75 (14.9) | 3575 (15.3) | 404 (12.5) | 3488 (15.3) | 491 (12.6) |
15–25 | 4954 (23.2) | 1170 (22.1) | 6013 (23.0) | 111 (22.0) | 5394 (23.1) | 730 (22.6) | 5252 (23.1) | 872 (22.4) |
25–50 | 7607 (35.7) | 2120 (40.0) | 9543 (36.5) | 184 (36.5) | 8450 (36.1) | 1277 (39.6) | 8186 (36.0) | 1541 (39.6) |
>50 | 3316 (15.5) | 950 (17.9) | 4174 (16.0) | 92 (18.3) | 3693 (15.8) | 573 (17.8) | 3567 (15.7) | 699 (18.0) |
Past dietary changes | 4037 (18.9) | 1900 (35.9) | 5720 (21.9) | 217 (43.1) | 4747 (20.3) | 1190 (36.9) | 4475 (19.7) | 1462 (37.6) |
Energy reporting | ||||||||
Under | 2760 (12.9) | 1284 (24.3) | 3827 (14.7) | 217 (43.1) | 3130 (13.4) | 914 (28.4) | 2972 (13.1) | 1072 (27.6) |
Adequate | 17,815 (83.5) | 3943 (74.5) | 21,473 (82.2) | 285 (56.5) | 19,484 (83.3) | 2274 (70.6) | 18,980 (83.5) | 2778 (71.4) |
Over | 753 (3.5) | 67 (1.3) | 818 (3.1) | 2 (0.4) | 785 (3.4) | 35 (1.1) | 780 (3.4) | 40 (1.0) |
10:1 CHO:FI 1 | 10:1:1 CHO:FI:FS 2 | 10:1:2 CHO:FI:FS 3 | 10:1&1:2 CHO:FS&FS:FI 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
Full sample | ||||||||
N/cases | 21,328/3290 | 5294/756 | 26,118/3956 | 504/90 | 23,399/3587 | 3223/459 | 22,732/3501 | 3890/545 |
Basic model 5 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 1.00 | 1.26 (1.02–1.56) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) |
Multivariable model 6 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.00 | 1.27 (1.03–1.56) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) |
Multivariable model + BMI 7 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) |
Excluding diet changers and misreporters | ||||||||
N/cases | 14,512/2055 | 2580/297 | 16,918/2332 | 174/20 | 15,610/2191 | 1482/161 | 15,312/2154 | 1780/189 |
Multivariable model + BMI 7 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.51–1.23) | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.70–0.97) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) |
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Ramstedt, M.; Janzi, S.; Olsson, K.; González-Padilla, E.; Ramne, S.; Borné, Y.; Ericson, U.; Sonestedt, E. Comparisons of Different Carbohydrate Quality Indices for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3870. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183870
Ramstedt M, Janzi S, Olsson K, González-Padilla E, Ramne S, Borné Y, Ericson U, Sonestedt E. Comparisons of Different Carbohydrate Quality Indices for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(18):3870. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183870
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamstedt, Michaela, Suzanne Janzi, Kjell Olsson, Esther González-Padilla, Stina Ramne, Yan Borné, Ulrika Ericson, and Emily Sonestedt. 2023. "Comparisons of Different Carbohydrate Quality Indices for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study" Nutrients 15, no. 18: 3870. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183870