Does Religious Fasting Have a Protective Role against Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals Aged >50 Years?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population
2.2. Variables Collected
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Fasters (n = 89) | Non-Fasters (n = 87) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Weight (kg) | 77.8 ± 13.4 | 77 ± 13 | 0.67 |
Height (m) | 1.64 ± 0.08 | 1.65 ± 0.08 | 0.52 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 4.2 | 28.1 ± 4 | 0.31 |
Body fat (%) | 34.7 ± 8.7 | 35.4 ± 6.6 | 0.57 |
Body fat (kg) | 27.3 ± 9.2 | 27.3 ± 7.3 | 0.98 |
Fat free mass (kg) | 50.4 ± 9.6 | 49.5 ± 9.8 | 0.55 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 95.7 ± 12.1 | 94.6 ± 11.1 | 0.52 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 102 ± 8.5 | 98.8 ± 7.5 | 0.009 |
WHR | 0.94 ± 0.1 | 0.95 ± 0.1 | 0.24 |
SBP (mmHg) | 131 ± 13 | 136 ± 14 | 0.045 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80 ± 8 | 83 ± 7 | 0.007 |
Pulses (per minute) | 69 ± 9 | 70 ± 9 | 0.84 |
Variable | Fasters (n = 89) | Non-Fasters (n = 87) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Sex | 0.61 | ||
Male | 31 (34.8) | 31 (35.6) | |
Female | 58 (65.2) | 56 (64.4) | |
Education level | 0.001 | ||
Primary education | 9 (10.1) | 15 (17.2) | |
Secondary education | 33 (37.1) | 30 (34.5) | |
Tertiary education | 34 (38.2) | 35 (40.2) | |
Master’s/Doctoral | 13 (14.6) | 7 (8) | |
Marital status | 0.031 | ||
Single | 13 (14.6) | 1 (1.1) | |
Married/Living together | 72 (80.9) | 76 (87.4) | |
Divorced | 4 (4.5) | 5 (5.7) | |
Widowed | - | 5 (5.7) | |
Smoking status | 0.80 | ||
Yes | 2 (2.2) | 57 (65.5) | |
No—never | 85 (95.5) | 30 (34.5) | |
No—quit smoking | 2 (2.2) | - | |
BMI status | 0.08 | ||
Normal weight | 17 (19.1) | 22 (25.3) | |
Overweight | 39 (43.8) | 36 (41.4) | |
Obesity | 33 (37.1) | 29 (33.3) | |
Physical activity level | 0.12 | ||
Extremely low | 4 (4.5) | 15 (17.2) | |
Low | 33 (37.1) | 28.7 (28.7) | |
Moderate | 39 (43.8) | 36 (41.4) | |
High | 12 (13.5) | 11 (12.6) | |
Extremely high | 1 (1.1) | ||
Free time workout | 0.28 | ||
Yes | 64 (71.9) | 56 (64.4) | |
No | 25 (28.1) | 31 (35.6) | |
Salt use | 0.45 | ||
Yes | 62 (69.7) | 65 (74.7) | |
No | 27 (30.3) | 22 (25.3) |
Variable | Fasters (n = 89) | Non-Fasters (n = 87) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 87 ± 16 | 93 ± 25 | 0.039 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 143 ± 94 | 175 ± 84 | 0.040 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52 ± 17 | 54 ± 17 | 0.50 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 136 ± 73 | 115 ± 51 | 0.033 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 210 ± 48 | 219 ± 50 | 0.24 |
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 17 ± 6 | 18 ± 6 | 0.20 |
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 300 ± 158 | 315 ± 163 | 0.53 |
Iron (mg/dL) | 98 ± 32 | 97 ± 40 | 0.86 |
Folic acid (ng/mL) | 6 ± 4 | 3 ± 1 | 0.018 |
Variable | Fasters (n = 89) | Non-Fasters (n = 87) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
WC > 102 cm for men or >88 cm for women | 52 (58.4) | 49 (56.3) | 0.77 |
FBG ≥ 100 mg/dL | 11 (12.4) | 20 (23.0) | 0.83 |
HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL for men or <50 mg/dL for women | 31 (34.8) | 29 (33.3) | 0.07 |
TRG ≥ 150 mg/dL | 32 (36) | 43 (49.4) | 0.06 |
BP ≥ 130/85 mmHg | 20 (22.5) | 39 (44.8) | 0.002 |
MetS prevalence | 20 (22.5) | 31 (35.6) | 0.055 |
Variable | Fasters (n = 89) | Non-Fasters (n = 87) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Energy (kcal) | 1493.65 ± 363.74 | 1614.65 ± 426.28 | 0.044 |
Protein (g) | 50.69 ± 17.45 | 54.42 ± 16.99 | 0.15 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 150.44 ± 48.82 | 154.78 ± 57.09 | 0.58 |
Fat (g) | 81.17 ± 25.47 | 90.74 ± 24.75 | 0.012 |
Vit A—Carotenoid (μg) | 254.8 ± 29.2 | 294.8 ± 53.22 | 0.50 |
Vit A—Retinol (μg) | 216.72 ± 26 | 379.65 ± 71.2 | 0.032 |
Vit A—Beta carotene (μg) | 2208.4 ± 177.3 | 2335.2 ± 272.8 | 0.69 |
Vit B1 (μg) | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.44 |
Vit B2 (μg) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.010 |
Vit B3 (μg) | 9 ± 5.4 | 10 ± 5 | 0.21 |
Vit B6 (μg) | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.76 |
Vit B12 (μg) | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 0.012 |
Vit C (μg) | 249.8 ± 37.1 | 132.3 ± 22.1 | 0.008 |
Vit D (μg) | 2.04 ± 0.3 | 2.30 ± 0.3 | 0.52 |
Vit E (μg) | 6.3 ± 3 | 9 ± 3.4 | 0.002 |
Folic acid (mg) | 176.7 ± 82.5 | 214.15 ± 110 | 0.012 |
Pantothenic acid (mg) | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1 | 0.017 |
Calcium (mg) | 578.12 ± 272.68 | 691.70 ± 331.6 | 0.014 |
Copper (mg) | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 0.74 ± 0.04 | 0.07 |
Iron (mg) | 9.24 ± 3.42 | 10.5 ± 5.44 | 0.06 |
Magnesium (mg) | 169.3 ± 55.6 | 179.9 ± 67.7 | 0.25 |
Manganese (mg) | 1.21 ± 0.8 | 1.37 ± 0.8 | 0.22 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 775.6 ± 274.4 | 892.9 ± 375.6 | 0.019 |
Potassium (mg) | 2018.3 ± 576.3 | 1937.1 ± 708.1 | 0.40 |
Selenium (mg) | 46.22 ± 25.44 | 51.28 ± 27.88 | 0.21 |
Sodium (mg) | 1691.1 ± 192.2 | 1748.9 ± 118.4 | 0.78 |
Zinc (mg) | 6.41 ± 3 | 7.73 ± 3.5 | 0.008 |
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Kokkinopoulou, A.; Pagkalos, I.; Rodopaios, N.E.; Koulouri, A.-A.; Vasara, E.; Papadopoulou, S.K.; Skepastianos, P.; Hassapidou, M.; Kafatos, A.G. Does Religious Fasting Have a Protective Role against Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals Aged >50 Years? Nutrients 2023, 15, 3215. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143215
Kokkinopoulou A, Pagkalos I, Rodopaios NE, Koulouri A-A, Vasara E, Papadopoulou SK, Skepastianos P, Hassapidou M, Kafatos AG. Does Religious Fasting Have a Protective Role against Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals Aged >50 Years? Nutrients. 2023; 15(14):3215. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143215
Chicago/Turabian StyleKokkinopoulou, Anna, Ioannis Pagkalos, Nikolaos E. Rodopaios, Alexandra-Aikaterini Koulouri, Eleni Vasara, Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Petros Skepastianos, Maria Hassapidou, and Anthony G. Kafatos. 2023. "Does Religious Fasting Have a Protective Role against Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals Aged >50 Years?" Nutrients 15, no. 14: 3215. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143215
APA StyleKokkinopoulou, A., Pagkalos, I., Rodopaios, N. E., Koulouri, A. -A., Vasara, E., Papadopoulou, S. K., Skepastianos, P., Hassapidou, M., & Kafatos, A. G. (2023). Does Religious Fasting Have a Protective Role against Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals Aged >50 Years? Nutrients, 15(14), 3215. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143215