A Comprehensive Review of the Effect of Honey on Human Health
Highlights
- Honey from sources like clover, thyme, buckwheat, and manuka has shown positive effects on health.
- Honey improves metabolic and cardiovascular health by enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing blood glucose, improving the lipid profile, and reducing oxidative stress with the help of their bioactive compounds.
- Honey promotes intestinal health and wound healing and helps manage oral mucositis in cancer patients, as well as the symptoms in children with upper respiratory infections (URTIs).
- More robust studies, taking into account honey types, dosages, and trial methods, are needed to establish clear guidelines for the therapeutic use of honey.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors
3.1.1. Healthy Subjects
3.1.2. Overweight or Obese Subjects
3.1.3. Diabetic Subjects
3.1.4. Subjects with Hyperlipidemia
3.2. Glucose Tolerance
3.2.1. Healthy Subjects
3.2.2. Diabetic Subjects
Honey | Dose | Test Duration | Subjects | Physiological Parameter | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basswood (linden) honey | 75 g vs. glucose-fructose | 120 min | Healthy men 27.7 years | Increase in BGL | ↓ | [23] |
AUC for glucose | ↓ a | |||||
Increase in BIL | ↓ a | |||||
Increase in C-peptide | ↓ | |||||
Natural honey | 75 g vs. dextrose | 180 min | Healthy subjects 25–42 years | Increase in BGL | ↓ | [21] |
Increase in BIL | ↓ a | |||||
Increase in C-peptide | ↓ a | |||||
70 g vs. glucose | Type II diabetic patients | Increase in BGL | ↓ a | |||
Sue Bee honey (clover honey) 100% pure | 75 g honey vs. glucose | 120 min | Type II diabetic patients 50 ± 9.7 years | Increase in BGL | ↓ a | [24] |
Unprocessed Egyptian clover honey supplied by a beekeeper | 2.3 g/kg | 120 min | Healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients 10.02 years | Increase in BGL | ↓ a | [25] |
Increase in C-peptide | ↑ a |
3.3. Appetite and Food Intake
3.3.1. Healthy Subjects
3.3.2. Diabetic Subjects
3.4. Alcohol Metabolism
3.5. Cancer
Honey | Dose | Duration | Subjects | Physiological Parameter | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural Baran-Baghro honey from Iran | 1:20 honey:water Mouthwash | 4 w | Acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving chemotherapy >18 years | Mucositis severity | ↓ *,a | [29] |
Body weight | ↑ *,a | |||||
Pure and filtered thyme honey | 1:5 honey:water Mouthwash | 6 m | Head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy 61.53 years | Mucositis severity | ↓ *,a | [30] |
Weight loss | ↓ a | |||||
Global health | ↑ *,a | |||||
Life quality | ↑ *,a | |||||
Western Ghats forests honey | 20 mL Mouthwash | 6 w | Oral carcinoma patients receiving radiotherapy >18 years | Mucositis severity | ↓ a | [31] |
Pure and filtered natural clover honey | 20 mL pure honey Rinse + swallow | 7 w | Head and neck cancer patients receiving chemotherapy 48.20 ± 15.63 years | Mucositis severity | ↓ a | [32] |
Candida colonization | ↓ a | |||||
Pure natural honey from Thymus and Astragale in the Albroz mountains in northern Iran | 20 mL pure honey Rinse + swallow | 6 w | Head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy 57.0 ± 12.0 years | Mucositis severity | ↓ *,a | [33] |
Weight loss | ↓ a | |||||
Tea plant honey from Cameron Highland of peninsular Malaysia | 20 mL pure honey Rinse + swallow | 7 w | Head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy 14–89 years | Mucositis severity | ↓ a | [34] |
Body weight | ↑ a | |||||
Pure and filtered thyme honey | 1:5 honey:water Rinse + swallow | 6 w | Head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy or surgery 61.53 ± 13.50 years | Xerostomia level | ↓ a | [35] |
Quality life | ↑ a | |||||
Pain | ↓ a | |||||
Dysphagia | ↓ a | |||||
Irradiated organic manuka honey | 5 mL Rinse + swallow | 6 w | Head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy | Mucositis severity | ↓ | [36] |
Active manuka honey | 20 mL (98% honey) Rinse + swallow | 6 w | Head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy 38–85 years | Incidence of servere mucositis | ↑ | [37] |
Mucositis severity | ↓ | |||||
Mucositis duration | ↓ | |||||
Egyptian clover honey from El Mahala, Gharbia Governorate | 0.5 g/kg/d Rinse + swallow | 10 d | Lymphoblastic leukaemia patients receiving chemotherapy 6.9 ± 3.8 years | Mucositis recovery time | ↓ a | [38] |
Turkish Flower honey from the highlands of Zonguldak Province, in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey | 3.70–30.96 g Rinse + swallow | 21 d | Children treated in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) 7.25 years | Mucositis severity | ↓ *,a | [39] |
Life-Mel honey from Express Honey, Tzuf Globus, Israel | 5 g/d | 5 d | Cancer patients with neutropenia 57 years | Neutrophil level | ↑ * | [40] |
Haemoglobin level | ↑ | |||||
Thrombocytes level | ↑ | |||||
Egyptian unprocessed clover honey collected from Al Mahala-Gharbia Governorate | 2.5 g/kg twice weekly | Crossover Two 12 w periods | Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia 5.4 ± 2.4 years | Febrile neutropenia episodes | ↓ a | [41] |
Number of patients admitted in hospital | ↓ | |||||
Duration of hospital stay | ↓ | |||||
Haemoglobin level | ↑ a |
3.6. Cough and Gastroenteritis in Infants
3.7. Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects
Honey | Dose | Duration | Subjects | Physiological Parameter | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buckwheat honey | Children aged 2 to 5 (1/2 teaspoon), 6 to 11 (1 teaspoon), 12 to 18 (2 teaspoons) Single dose | 1 d | Children with upper URTIs 5.02 ± 3.99 years | Cough frequency | ↓ a | [42] |
Combined symptom score | ↓ a | |||||
Bothersome cough | ↓ | |||||
Cough severity | ↓ | |||||
Sleep quality | ↑ | |||||
Parents’ sleep quality | ↑ | |||||
Iranian natural honey from Kafi-Abad, Yazd | 2.5 mL Single dose | 1 d | Children with URTIs 3.15 ± 0.93 years | Cough frequency | ↓ a | [43] |
Cough severity | ↓a | |||||
Sleep quality | ↑ a | |||||
Parents’ sleep quality | ↑ a | |||||
Eucalyptus, citrus or Labiatae honey | 10 g Single dose | 1 d | Children with URTIs 2.4 years | Cough frequency | ↓ a | [44] |
Combined symptom score | ↓ a | |||||
Bothersome cough | ↓ a | |||||
Cough severity | ↓ a | |||||
Sleep quality | ↑ a | |||||
Parents’ sleep quality | ↑ a | |||||
Nairobi dark honey | Children aged 1 to 2 (2.5 mL), 2 to 6 (5 mL), 6 to 12 (7.5 mL) Three times daily | 5 d | Children with a common cold 1–12 years | Cough frequency | ↓ a | [45] |
Combined symptom score | ↓ a | |||||
Bothersome cough | ↓ a | |||||
Cough severity | ↓ a | |||||
Cough duration | ↓ a | |||||
Sleep quality | ↑ a | |||||
Parents’ sleep quality | ↑ a | |||||
Two kinds of Iranian honey: Kimia honey and Golha honey | Children aged 1 to 6 (2.5 mL), 7 to 12 (5 mL), Two doses | 2 d | Children with URTIs 3.5 ± 1.6 years | Cough frequency | ↓ b | [46] |
Combined standard score | ↓ a | |||||
Bothersome cough | ↓ a | |||||
Sleep quality | ↑ b | |||||
Parents’ sleep quality | ↑ a | |||||
Acacia honey | 3 mL Single dose | 2 d | Children with URTIs 2.5 years | Cough frequency | ↓ | [47] |
Combined symptom score | ↓ | |||||
Bothersome cough | ↓ | |||||
Cough severity | ↓ | |||||
Cough duration | ↑ | |||||
Sleep quality | ↑ | |||||
Pure honey | 50 mL/L of rehydration solution vs. 50 mL/L of glucose | Duration of gastroenteritis | Children with gastroenteritis 1.39 ± 1.82 years | Bacterial gastroenteritis recovery time | ↓ a | [48] |
Honey | Dose | Duration | Subjects | Physiological Parameter | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multifloral processed honey | 1:1 honey:water Mouthrinse 10 mL twice a day | 5 d | Healthy subjects 20–24 years | Tooth plaque | ↓ * | [49] |
Iranian honey from Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari region | 70:30 honey:neutral cream 5 g/d | 7 d | Women with vulvovaginal candidiasis 34.3 ± 8.6 years | Inflammation | ↓ * | [50] |
Discharge | ↓ * | |||||
Itching | ↓ * | |||||
Natural raw honey | Honey-soaked gauze vs. medical solution | 21 d | Children with pyomyositis abcesses 4.5 ± 4.0 years | Wound healing | ↑ a | [51] |
Duration of hospital stay | ↓ a | |||||
Iranian honey from Qamsar region | 30% honey cream 1 knuckle/d | 14 d | Nulliparous women with episiotomy wound 24.7 ± 4.0 years | Discharge | ↓ a | [52] |
Wound healing | ↑ a | |||||
Pain | ↓ | |||||
Beri-irradiated honey collected from Karak, Pakistan | Once or twice daily or every 48 h | 4 m | Patients with diabetic foot ulcers 54 years | Wound healing | ↑ a | [53] |
Wound healing time | ↓ a | |||||
Pure raw untreated clover honey supplied by the Firm of Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University | Honey-soaked gauze | 3 m | Patients with diabetic foot ulcers 52.3 years | Ulcer size | ↓ * | [54] |
Ulcer grade | ↓ * | |||||
Ulcer stage | ↓ * | |||||
Inflammation | ↓ * | |||||
Discharge | ↓ * | |||||
Wound healing | ↑ * | |||||
Clean non-sterile pure honey packed by Barnes for Honey Cooperation of Australia | Once daily | 36 d | Patients with diabetic foot ulcers 31–51 years | Wound healing time | ↓ | [55] |
Discharge | ↓ | |||||
Edema | ↓ |
3.8. Other Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Honey | Dose | Duration | Subjects | Physiological Parameter | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural honey | 70 g/d vs. sucrose | 6 w | Healthy males 25.51 ± 1.63 years | TG | ↓ *,a | [12] |
TC | ↓ *,a | |||||
LDL | ↓ *,a | |||||
HDL | ↑ *,a | |||||
Natural, unprocessed honey purchased from Ilyas Traders, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan | Diet + 70 g/d vs. diet | 1 m | Healthy Pakistani males 20.13 ± 0.14 years | Increase in FBG | ↓ a | [13] |
TG | ↓ a | |||||
TC | ↓ *,a | |||||
LDL | ↓ *,a | |||||
HDL | ↑ *,a | |||||
Mixture of four types of clover honey obtained from Golden Heritage Foods, Smitty Bee Honey, Millers Honey Company, and Marshall’s Farm Natural Honey | 1.5 g/kg/d honey vs. sucrose | 1 m | Healthy subjects 32.9 ± 1.7 years | FBI | = | [14] |
TC | ↓ | |||||
LDL | ↓ | |||||
HDL | ↓ | |||||
Iranian natural honey | 70 g/d vs. sucrose | 1 m | Overweight or obese subjects 42.6 ± 8.6 years | TG | ↓ b | [15] |
TC | ↓ | |||||
LDL | ↓ | |||||
HDL | ↑ | |||||
FBG | ↓ * | |||||
CRP | ↓ b | |||||
BW | ↓ | |||||
BF | ↓ | |||||
BMI | ↓ * | |||||
Wild flowers-forest-thyme honey produced by Attiki | Diet + 15 g/d vs. diet + marmelade | 6 m | Obese girls 10.55 ± 0.34 years | BMI | ↓ | [16] |
TG | ↓ | |||||
TC | ↑ | |||||
LDL | ↑ | |||||
HDL | ↑ | |||||
OGT | ↑ | |||||
Dutch Gold Honey (honey from different floral sources and geographic origin) | 50 g/d vs. sucrose or corn syrup | 2 w | Glucose-tolerant with overweight or obesity 38.9 ± 3.6 years | BW | ↑ | |
BMI | = | [17] | ||||
SBP | = | |||||
DBP | = | |||||
TG | ↑ * | |||||
TC | ↑ | |||||
LDL | = | |||||
HDL | = | |||||
FBG | ↓ | |||||
FBI | ↓ | |||||
Glucose-intolerant with overweight or obesity 52.1 ± 2.7 years | BW | ↑ | ||||
BMI | ↑ | |||||
SBP | ↑ | |||||
DBP | = | |||||
TG | ↑ | |||||
TC | ↑ | |||||
LDL | ↑ | |||||
HDL | ↑ | |||||
FBG | ↑ | |||||
FBI | ↑ | |||||
Tualang sterilized honey supplied by Federal Agricultural Marketing Authorities (FAMA), Malaysia | 20 g/d vs. honey cocktail | 12 m | Post-menopausal healthy and diabetic women 58.1 ± 3.7 years | SBP | ↓ | [18] |
DBP | ↓ a | |||||
TC | ↓ | |||||
LDL | ↑ | |||||
HDL | ↓ | |||||
TG | ↑ | |||||
FBG | ↓ a | |||||
BMI | ↑ | |||||
BF | ↑ | |||||
WC | ↑ | |||||
Iranian natural unprocessed honey collected from Samans kandeh, Neka, Sari City | 1 g/kg/d first 2 w 1.5 g/kg/d second 2 w 2 g/kg/d third 2 w 2.5 g/kg/d last 2 w | 8 w | Type II diabetes 57.2 ± 8.4 years | BW | ↓ *,a | [19] |
FBG | ↓ | |||||
HbA1c | ↑ * | |||||
TG | ↓ * | |||||
TC | ↓ * | |||||
LDL | ↓ * | |||||
HDL | ↑ * | |||||
Unprocessed Egyptian clover honey supplied by a beekeeper | 0.5 mL/kg/d | Crossover study Two 12 w intervention periods | Type I diabetes 4.7 ± 4.28 years | SSFT | ↓ * | [20] |
MC | ↓ | |||||
TSFT | ↓ | |||||
FBG | ↓ * | |||||
TG | ↓ * | |||||
TC | ↓ * | |||||
LDL | ↓ * | |||||
HDL | ↑ * | |||||
C-peptide | ↑ * | |||||
HbA1C | ↓ * | |||||
Natural honey | 75 g/d | 15 d | Healthy subjects | FBG | ↓ | [21] |
TG | ↓ | |||||
TC | ↓ | |||||
LDL | ↓ | |||||
HDL | ↑ | |||||
CRP | ↓ | |||||
Patients with hyperlipidemia | TC | ↓ * | ||||
LDL | ↓ | |||||
CRP | ↓ * | |||||
Mixed blossom honey from Europe, Central America, and South America | 75 g/d vs. sugar solution | 2 w | Subjects with hypercholesterolemia 35–86 years | TG | ↑ | [22] |
TC | ↓ | |||||
LDL | ↑ | |||||
HDL | ↓ |
Honey | Dose | Duration | Subjects | Physiological Parameter | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixture of four types of clover honey obtained from Golden Heritage Foods, Smitty Bee Honey, Millers Honey Company, and Marshall’s Farm Natural Honey | 1.5 g/kg/d honey vs. sucrose | 1 m | Healthy subjects 24–57 years | Increase in energy intake | ↓ a | [14] |
Increase in carbohydrate intake | ↓ a | |||||
Increase in sugar intake | ↓ a | |||||
Pure clover honey | 42.7 g vs. 35.5 g of sucrose | 1 d | Healthy women 21.8 ± 2.9 years | Increase in post-prandial glucose | ↓ a | |
Increase in post-prandial insulin | ↑ | |||||
Post-prandial leptin | ↑ | [26] | ||||
Post-prandial ghrelin | ↓ | |||||
Post-prandial peptide YY | ↑ | |||||
Hunger rate | ↓ | |||||
Satiety rate | ↑ a | |||||
Thermogenesis | ↑ | |||||
Energy intake | ↑ | |||||
Carbohydrate intake | ↑ | |||||
Sugar intake | ↓ | |||||
Iranian natural unprocessed honey collected from Samans kandeh, Neka, Sari City | 1 g/kg/d first 2 w 1.5 g/kg/d 2 w 2 g/kg/d 2 w 2.5 g/kg/d last 2 w | 8 w | Type II diabetes 57.2 ± 8.4 years | Energy intake | ↓ | [19] |
Energy from protein | ↓ | |||||
Energy from carbohydrate | ↑ | |||||
Energy from fat | ↓ | |||||
Sugar intake | ↑ |
Honey | Dose | Duration | Subjects | Physiological Parameter | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freshly harvested Nigerian citrus (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) honey from the delta region of the River Niger | 0.5 mL/kg of ethanol + 1 mL/kg of honey | 1 d | Healthy subjects 25–35 years | Blood alcohol clearance rate | ↓ * | [27] |
Intoxication time | ↓ * | |||||
Intoxication degree | ↓ | |||||
Freshly harvested Nigerian citrus (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) honey from the delta region of the River Niger | 0.5 g/kg of ethanol + 1.25 mL/kg of honey | 1 d | Healthy men 23.6 ± 7.4 years | Intoxication time | ↓ * | [28] |
Intoxication degree | ↓ * | |||||
TG | ↑ * | |||||
Blood pressure | ↑ |
Honey | Dose | Duration | Subjects | Physiological Parameter | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low- and high- antioxidant buckwheat honey from the Dutch Gold company | 1.5 g/kg | 6 h | Healthy subjects 25.55 ± 2.30 years | Plasma phenolic concentration | ↑ * | [56] |
Plasma antioxidant capacity | ↑ * | |||||
Plasma reducing capacity | ↑ * | |||||
Manuka honey from New Zealand | Manuka honey microemulsion cream 0.5–1 cm Once a day | 3 m | Patients with blepharitis 60 ± 12 years | Dry eye symptomology | ↓ a | [57] |
Tear film quality | ↑ a | |||||
Ocular surface quality | ↑ a | |||||
Microbial burden | ↓ a | |||||
Local unpasteurized honey from Honeycomb Apiairies, Bristol and filtered pasteurized clover honey from Dutch Gold Honey Inc, Lancaster | 1 tablespoonful/d | 30 w | Patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis 45.3 years | Symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis | = | [58] |
Multiflora honey and Manuka honey UMF 20+, both produced by Comvita New Zealand Ltd. | 20 g/d | Crossover 4 w each period | Healthy subjects 42–64 years | IgE level | ↑ | [59] |
Gut bacterial | = | |||||
Astragalus honey made in Ashtian Region of Iran | 1.2 g/kg from the 15th day to the onset of menstruation | Crossover 2 m each period | Female students with dysmenorrhea 22.01 ± 1.78 years | Pain | = | [60] |
Amount of bleeding | = | |||||
Satisfaction | = |
Condition | Subjects | Parameter | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular risk factors | Healthy subjects Diabetic subjects Subjects with hyperlipidaemia | FBG | ↓ | [12,13,18,19,20,21] |
TG | ↓ | |||
TC | ↓ | |||
LDL | ↓ | |||
HDL | ↑ | |||
Glucose tolerance | Healthy subjects Diabetic subjects | Increase in BGL | ↓ | [21,23,24,25] |
Increase in BIL | ↓ | |||
Alcohol metabolism | Healthy subjects | Intoxication time | ↓ | [27,28] |
Cancer | Patients with acute myeloid leukaemia Patients with head and neck cancer | Mucositis severity | ↓ | [29,30,31,32,33,34,39] |
Body weight | ↑ | |||
URTIs | Children with URTIs | Cough frequency and severity | ↓ | [42,43,44,45,46] |
Combined symptom score | ↓ | |||
Sleep quality | ↑ | |||
Parent’s sleep quality | ↑ | |||
Wounds | Children with pyomyositis abscesses Women with episiotomy wound Patients with diabetes | Wound healing | ↑ | [51,52,53,54] |
Discharge | ↓ |
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Palma-Morales, M.; Huertas, J.R.; Rodríguez-Pérez, C. A Comprehensive Review of the Effect of Honey on Human Health. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133056
Palma-Morales M, Huertas JR, Rodríguez-Pérez C. A Comprehensive Review of the Effect of Honey on Human Health. Nutrients. 2023; 15(13):3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133056
Chicago/Turabian StylePalma-Morales, Marta, Jesús R. Huertas, and Celia Rodríguez-Pérez. 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of the Effect of Honey on Human Health" Nutrients 15, no. 13: 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133056