Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Age-Related Cataract in American Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2005–2008
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Cataract Assessment
2.3. Healthy Eating Index-2015 Assessment
2.4. Covariates Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population Characteristics
3.2. Association of HEI-2015 and Cataract Risk Using Logistic Regression
3.3. Association of HEI-2015 and Cataract Using Propensity Score Weighted Regression
3.4. Association of HEI-2015 Components and Cataract
3.5. Investigation of Non-Linear Association Using Restricted Cubic Spline
3.6. Subgroup Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Non-Cataract | Cataract | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 6395 | 5712 (89.3) | 683 (10.7) | |
Gender (N, %) | 0.034 | |||
Male | 3115 (48.7) | 2809 (49.2) | 306 (44.8) | |
Female | 3280 (51.3) | 2903 (50.8) | 377 (55.2) | |
Age (years, mean (SD)) | 48.7 (15.3) | 51.7 (14.1) | 74.4 (9.0) | <0.001 |
Race (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 3333 (52.1) | 2840 (49.7) | 493 (72.2) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1345 (21.0) | 1258 (22.0) | 87 (12.7) | |
Mexican American | 1061 (16.6) | 1009 (17.7) | 52 (7.6) | |
Other | 656 (10.3) | 605 (10.6) | 51 (7.5) | |
Education (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
Less than high school | 1712 (26.6) | 1476 (25.8) | 236 (34.6) | |
High school or above | 4683 (73.4) | 4236 (74.2) | 447 (65.4) | |
Marital status (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
Unmarried or other | 2236 (35.0) | 1911 (33.5) | 325 (47.6) | |
Married or living with partner | 4159 (65.3) | 3801 (66.5) | 358 (52.4) | |
Economic situation (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
Below poverty | 1018 (15.9) | 933 (16.3) | 85 (12.4) | |
Poverty or above | 5377 (84.1) | 4779 (83.7) | 598 (87.6) | |
BMI (N, %) | 0.018 | |||
<18.5 | 83 (1.3) | 75 (1.3) | 8 (1.2) | |
18.5~25 | 1617 (25.3) | 1414 (24.8) | 203 (29.7) | |
≥25 | 4695 (73.4) | 4223 (73.9) | 472 (69.1) | |
Alcohol usage (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
Lifetime abstainer | 970 (15.2) | 805 (14.1) | 165 (24.2) | |
Former drinker | 1079 (16.9) | 905 (15.8) | 174 (25.5) | |
Current drinker ≤ 3 drinks/week | 2686 (42.0) | 2473 (43.3) | 213 (31.2) | |
Current drinker > 3 drinks/week | 1660 (26.0) | 1529 (26.8) | 131 (19.2) | |
Smoking (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
Never smoke | 3305 (51.7) | 2973 (52.0) | 332 (48.6) | |
Former smoker | 1842 (28.8) | 1550 (27.1) | 292 (42.8) | |
Current smoker | 1248 (19.5) | 1189 (20.8) | 59 (8.6) | |
Hypertension (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
No | 3122 (48.8) | 2958 (51.8) | 164 (24.0) | |
Yes | 3273 (51.2) | 2754 (48.2) | 519 (76.0) | |
Hyperlipidemia (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
No | 3566 (55.8) | 3262 (57.1) | 304 (44.5) | |
Yes | 2829 (44.2) | 2450 (42.9) | 379 (55.5) | |
Diabetes mellitus (N, %) | <0.001 | |||
No | 5370 (84.0) | 4880 (85.4) | 490 (71.7) | |
Yes | 1025 (16.0) | 832 (14.6) | 193 (28.3) | |
HEI-2015 (mean (SD)) | 49.5 (14.6) | 49.8 (14.6) | 53.0 (14.3) | <0.001 |
HEI-2015 quartile (N, %) | ||||
Q1 (9.3–39.6) | 1599 (25.0) | 1473 (25.8) | 126 (18.4) | <0.001 |
Q2 (39.6–49.5) | 1599 (25.0) | 1447 (25.3) | 152 (22.3) | |
Q3 (49.5–60.2) | 1598 (25.0) | 1412 (24.7) | 186 (27.2) | |
Q4 (60.2–96.1) | 1599 (25.0) | 1380 (24.2) | 219 (32.1) |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |
---|---|---|---|
HEI-2015 | 1.019 (1.014–1.024), <0.001 | 0.991 (0.984–0.997), 0.002 | 0.991 (0.984–0.997), 0.006 |
HEI-2015 quartile | |||
Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Q2 | 1.197 (0.932–1.539), 0.160 | 0.857 (0.633–1.162), 0.320 | 0.856 (0.630–1.164), 0.320 |
Q3 | 1.586 (1.251–2.016), <0.001 | 0.838 (0.627–1.121), 0.232 | 0.841 (0.630–1.131), 0.251 |
Q4 | 2.121 (1.692–2.671), <0.001 | 0.751 (0.569–0.940), 0.044 | 0.739 (0.559–0.980), 0.035 |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |
---|---|---|---|
HEI-2015 | 0.991 (0.985–0.996), <0.001 | 0.992 (0.984–0.996), 0.002 | 0.990 (0.984–0.995), 0.002 |
HEI-2015 quartile | |||
Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Q2 | 0.770 (0.625–0.947), 0.014 | 0.824 (0.637–1.064), 0.139 | 0.824 (0.634–1.068), 0.144 |
Q3 | 0.760 (0.616–0.936), 0.010 | 0.779 (0.601–1.008), 0.058 | 0.780 (0.600–1.012), 0.062 |
Q4 | 0.748 (0.605–0.923), 0.007 | 0.747 (0.576–0.967), 0.027 | 0.744 (0.572–0.967), 0.027 |
HEI-2015 Component Score | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c |
---|---|---|---|
Adequacy component score | |||
Total fruits | 1.135 (1.093–1.179), <0.001 | 0.939 (0.895–0.984), 0.008 | 0.947 (0.903–0.993), 0.027 |
Whole fruits | 1.114 (1.076–1.153), <0.001 | 0.945 (0.905–0.985), 0.009 | 0.948 (0.907–0.991), 0.016 |
Total vegetables | 1.094 (1.042–1.149), <0.001 | 0.991 (0.936–1.050), 0.763 | 0.985 (0.930–1.044), 0.610 |
Greens and beans | 0.981 (0.943–1.020), 0.349 | 0.990 (0.953–1.046), 0.965 | 1.005 (0.959–1.054), 0.820 |
Total protein foods | 0.939 (0.883–0.998), 0.042 | 0.986 (0.915–1.064), 0.718 | 0.979 (0.907–1.057), 0.581 |
Seafood and plant proteins | 1.002 (0.967–1.040), 0.870 | 0.974 (0.933–1.017), 0.239 | 0.983 (0.941–1.027), 0.446 |
Whole grains | 1.076 (1.051–1.102), <0.001 | 0.968 (0.940–0.997), 0.029 | 0.966 (0.937–0.995), 0.024 |
Dairy | 1.030 (1.006–1.054), 0.013 | 0.981 (0.953–1.010), 0.198 | 0.981 (0.953–1.010), 0.201 |
Fatty acids | 0.999 (0.977–1.021), 0.941 | 1.003 (0.977–1.030), 0.806 | 1.004 (0.978–1.031), 0.752 |
Moderation component score | |||
Sodium | 0.975 (0.954–0.997), 0.252 | 0.972 (0.947–0.997), 0.031 | 0.979 (0.954–1.005), 0.113 |
Refined grains | 0.995 (0.974–1.017), 0.672 | 0.953 (0.927–0.979), <0.001 | 0.958 (0.932–0.985), 0.002 |
Added sugars | 0.987 (0.968–1.006), 0.071 | 0.964 (0.929–1.000), 0.050 | 0.971 (0.916–1.026), 0.485 |
Saturated fats | 1.034 (1.021–1.048), <0.001 | 1.003 (0.987–1.019), 0.696 | 1.001 (0.984–1.017), 0.935 |
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Zhou, J.; Lou, L.; Jin, K.; Ye, J. Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Age-Related Cataract in American Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2005–2008. Nutrients 2023, 15, 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010098
Zhou J, Lou L, Jin K, Ye J. Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Age-Related Cataract in American Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2005–2008. Nutrients. 2023; 15(1):98. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010098
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Jingxin, Lixia Lou, Kai Jin, and Juan Ye. 2023. "Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 and Age-Related Cataract in American Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2005–2008" Nutrients 15, no. 1: 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010098