Nesfatin-1 in Human Milk and Its Association with Infant Anthropometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Infants’ Anthropometry
2.3. Human Milk
2.4. Nesfatin-1 Analyses
2.5. Ethics
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Nesfatin-1 Levels in Human Milk, Low and High WAZ Group
3.3. Nesfatin-1 and Infant Anthropometry at 3–4 Months of Age
3.4. Factors Possibly Influencing Nesfatin-1 Levels in Human Milk
4. Discussion
4.1. Nesfatin-1 Levels in Human Milk
4.2. Nesfatin-1 Levels in Human Milk and Infant Anthropometry
4.3. Nesfatin-1 Levels in Umbilical Cord Blood and Birth Weight
4.4. Nesfatin-1 Levels in Serum and Associations with Childhood Weight
4.5. Milk Sample Handling Affects Hormone Levels in Human Milk
4.6. Factors Influencing Adipokines in Human Milk
4.7. Milk Expression Methods, Circadian Patterns, and Adipokine Levels
4.8. Nesfatin-1 Levels in Infant and Maternal Serum
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Low WAZ 1 | High WAZ | p | |
---|---|---|---|
N | 50 | 50 | |
WAZ at 4 months of age, SD 2 | −0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | <0.001 * |
Maternal characteristics | |||
Age at child’s birth, years | 31.5 ± 5.3 | 30.9 ± 4.0 | 0.538 |
mBMI 3, kg/m2 | 22.6 (21.1–24.0) | 23.5 (21.1–28.7) | 0.046 * |
Post-delivery parity, n (%) | |||
Primiparous | 25 (50%) | 22 (44%) | |
Parity 2 | 14 (28%) | 20 (40%) | 0.481 |
≥Parity 3 | 11 (22%) | 8 (16%) | |
Educational level, n (%) | |||
Low | 7 (14%) | 8 (16%) | |
Intermediate | 21 (41%) | 25 (50%) | |
High | 9 (18%) | 5 (10%) | 0.519 |
Unknown | 13 (26%) | 12 (24%) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | |||
Non-smoking | 50 (100%) | 49 (98%) | n/a |
Unknown | 1 (2%) | ||
Weight gain during pregnancy, n (%) | |||
>15 kg | 13 (26%) | 20 (40%) | |
≤15 kg | 31 (62%) | 27 (54%) | 0.275 |
unknown | 6 (12%) | 3 (6%) | |
Gestational diabetes, n (%) | |||
Yes | 0 | 0 | |
No | 50 (100%) | 49 (98%) | n/a |
unknown | 1 (2%) | ||
Infant characteristics | |||
Sex, n (%) | |||
Female | 23 (46%) | 22 (44%) | 1.00 |
Male | 27 (54%) | 28 (56%) | |
Gestational age, days | 279 (273–285) | 285 (277–295) | 0.071 |
Birth weight, g | 3253 ± 544 | 3893 ± 487 | <0.001 * |
BWZ 4, SD | −0.7 ± 1.1 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | <0.001 * |
BWZ group, n (%) | |||
≤−2 SD | 4 (8%) | 0 | |
>−2 SD and ≤2 SD | 45 (90%) | 44 (88%) | 0.024 * |
>2 SD | 1 (2%) | 6 (12%) | |
Birth length, cm | 50.8 ± 2.5 | 53.3 ± 2.1 | <0.001 * |
Early formula supplementation, n (%) | |||
Yes | 7 (14%) | 15 (30%) | |
No | 34 (68%) | 25 (50%) | 0.048 * |
Unknown | 9 (18%) | 10 (20%) | |
Exclusive breastfeeding, at time of milk sampling n (%) | |||
Yes | 17 (34%) | 26 (52%) | |
No | 24 (48%) | 15 (30% | |
Unknown | 9 (18%) | 9 (18%) | 0.076 |
Infant weight at time of sampling, g | 6053 (5770–6490) | 8140 (7630–8565) | <0.001 * |
Predictor Variables | Log[nesfatin-1] 1 ng/mL | mBMI 2 | BW 3 | Infant Sex | IF 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome Measure | β (95% CI), p | p | p | p | p |
Δ Weight since birth (g) | 68.57 (−326.80–463.94), 0.73 | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.41 |
Δ WAZ 5 since birth (SD) | 0.13 (−0.31–0.58), 0.51 | 0.11 | 0.001 * | 0.81 | 0.11 |
Δ Weight since birth per day (g) | 0.49 (−2.30–3.27), 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.87 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
Length at sampling (cm) | 0.19 (−0.74–1.13), 0.68 | 0.89 | <0.001 * | 0.16 | 0.28 |
Weight at sampling (g) | 68.57 (−326.80–463.94), 0.73 | 0.06 | <0.001 * | 0.03 | 0.41 |
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 0.08 (−1.10–1.25), 0.89 | 0.35 | <0.001 * | 0.61 | 0.02 |
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) | 0.17 (−0.57–0.91), 0.65 | 0.10 | 0.98 | 0.71 | 0.33 |
Subscapular skinfold thickness (mm) | 0.05 (−0.46–0.55), 0.86 | 0.006 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.33 |
WAZ (SD) | 0.08 (−0.33–0.50), 0.69 | 0.08 | <0.001 * | 0.62 | 0.09 |
HAZ 6 (SD) | 0.09 (−0.25–0.43), 0.61 | 0.84 | <0.001 * | 0.01 | 0.99 |
WHZ 7 (SD) | 0.05 (−0.37–0.47), 0.8 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.02 |
BMIZ 8 (SD) | 0.05 (−0.38–0.48), 0.81 | 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.5 | 0.03 |
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Honoré, K.D.; Bruun, S.; Jacobsen, L.N.; Domellöf, M.; Michaelsen, K.F.; Husby, S.; Zachariassen, G. Nesfatin-1 in Human Milk and Its Association with Infant Anthropometry. Nutrients 2023, 15, 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010176
Honoré KD, Bruun S, Jacobsen LN, Domellöf M, Michaelsen KF, Husby S, Zachariassen G. Nesfatin-1 in Human Milk and Its Association with Infant Anthropometry. Nutrients. 2023; 15(1):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010176
Chicago/Turabian StyleHonoré, Karina D., Signe Bruun, Lotte N. Jacobsen, Magnus Domellöf, Kim F. Michaelsen, Steffen Husby, and Gitte Zachariassen. 2023. "Nesfatin-1 in Human Milk and Its Association with Infant Anthropometry" Nutrients 15, no. 1: 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010176