The Effect of Diet and Lifestyle on the Course of Diabetic Retinopathy—A Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diabetic Retinopathy
3. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C < 7%) and Metabolic Memory
4. Blood Pressure (BP)
5. Lipids
6. Obesity
7. Stimulants
8. Physical Activity
9. Diet and DR
10. Vitamin A and Carotenoids
11. Group B Vitamins
12. Vitamin C
13. Vitamin D
14. Vitamin E
15. Zinc
16. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Supplementation
17. Discussion
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Facts and Figures. Available online: https://idf.org/aboutdiabetes/what-is-diabetes/facts-figures.html (accessed on 9 December 2021).
- Williams, R.; Colagiuri, S.; Chan, J.; Gregg, E.W.; Ke, C.; Lim, L.-L.; Yang, X. IDF Diabetes Atlas 2019; International Diabetes Foundation. 2019. Available online: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAS9e-final-web.pdf (accessed on 13 March 2021).
- Mayer-Davis, E.J.; Lawrence, J.M.; Dabelea, D.; Divers, J.; Isom, S.; Dolan, L.; Imperatore, G.; Lindre, B.; Marcovina, S.; Pettitt, D.J.; et al. Incidence Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among Youths, 2002–2012. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017, 376, 1419–1429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Forbes, J.M.; Cooper, M.E. Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiol. Rev. 2013, 93, 137–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romero-Aroca, P.; Navarro-Gil, R.; Valls-Mateu, A.; Sagarra-Alamo, R.; Moreno-Ribas, A.; Soler, N. Differences in incidence of diabetic retinopathy between type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: A nine-year follow-up study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2017, 101, 1346–1351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Flaxman, S.R.; Bourne, R.R.A.; Resnikoff, S.; Ackland, P.; Braithwaite, T.; Cicinelli, M.V.; Das, A.; Jonas, J.B.; Keeffe, J.; Kempen, J.H.; et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2017, 5, 1221–1234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bourne, R.R.; Stevens, G.A.; White, R.A.; Smith, J.L.; Flaxman, S.R.; Price, H.; Jonas, J.B.; Keeffe, J.; Leasher, J.; Naidoo, K.; et al. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2013, 1, 339–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pinto, C.C.; Silva, K.C.; Biswas, S.K.; Martins, N.; De Faria, J.B.; De Faria, J.M. Arterial hypertension exacerbates oxidative stress in early diabetic retinopathy. Free Radic. Res. 2007, 41, 1151–1158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Testa, R.; Bonfigli, A.R.; Prattichizzo, F.; La Sala, L.; De Nigris, V.; Ceriello, A. The “Metabolic Memory” Theory and the Early Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Prevention of Diabetic Complications. Nutrients 2017, 9, 437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Knickelbein, J.E.; Abbott, A.B.; Chew, E.Y. Fenofibrate and diabetic retinopathy. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2016, 16, 90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yau, J.W.; Rogers, S.L.; Kawasaki, R.; Lamoureux, E.L.; Kowalski, J.W.; Bek, T.; Chen, S.J.; Dekker, J.M.; Fletcher, A.; Grauslund, J.; et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2012, 35, 556–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guidelines for Diabetic Retinopathy Management. Available online: https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/di15.pdf (accessed on 9 December 2021).
- Pesin, N.; Mandelcorn, E.D.; Felfeli, T.; Ogilvie, R.I.; Brent, M.H. The role of occult hypertension in retinal vein occlusions and diabetic retinopathy. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 2017, 52, 225–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sacks, D.; Baxter, B.; Campbell, B.C.; Carpenter, J.S.; Cognard, C.; Dippel, D.; Eesa, M.; Fischer, U.; Hausegger, K.; Hirsch, J.A. Multisociety consensus quality improvement revised consensus statement for endovascular therapy of acute ischemic stroke. Int. J. Stroke 2018, 13, 612–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mozetic, V.; Freitas, C.G.; Riera, R. Statins and fibrates for diabetic retinopathy: Protocol for a systematic review. JMIR Res. Protoc. 2017, 6, e30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jenkins, A.J.; Joglekar, M.V.; Hardikar, A.A.; Keech, A.C.; O’Neal, D.N.; Januszewski, A.S. Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy. Rev. Diabet. Stud. 2015, 12, 159–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Engerman, R.L.; Kern, T.S. Progression of incipient diabetic retinopathy during good glycemic control. Diabetes 1987, 36, 808–812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aiello, L.P.; Sun, W.; Das, A.; Gangaputra, S.; Kiss, S.; Klein, R.; Cleary, P.A.; Lachin, J.M.; Nathan, D.M. Intensive diabetes therapy and ocular surgery in type 1 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 372, 1722–1733. [Google Scholar]
- Lachin, J.M.; White, N.H.; Hainsworth, D.P.; Sun, W.; Cleary, P.A.; Nathan, D.M. Effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes: 18 years of follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC. Diabetes 2015, 64, 631–642. [Google Scholar]
- White, N.H.; Sun, W.; Cleary, P.A.; Danis, R.P.; Davis, M.D.; Hainsworth, D.P.; Hubbard, L.D.; Lachin, J.M.; Nathan, D.M. Prolonged effect of intensive therapy on the risk of retinopathy complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: 10 years after the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2008, 126, 1707–1715. [Google Scholar]
- Holman, R.R.; Paul, S.K.; Bethel, M.A.; Matthews, D.R.; Neil, H.A. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359, 1577–1589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jermendy, G. Vascular memory: Can we broaden the concept of the metabolic memory? Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2012, 1, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 1995, 44, 968–983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imran, S.A.; Agarwal, G.; Bajaj, H.S.; Ross, S. Targets for Glycemic Control. Can. J. Diabetes 2018, 42 (Suppl. 1), 42–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alfonso-Muñoz, E.A.; Burggraaf-Sánchez de las Matas, R.; Mataix Boronat, J.; Molina Martín, J.C.; Desco, C. Role of Oral Antioxidant Supplementation in the Current Management of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whelton, P.K.; Carey, R.M.; Aronow, W.S.; Casey, D.E., Jr.; Collins, K.J.; Dennison Himmelfarb, C.; DePalma, S.M.; Gidding, S.; Jamerson, K.A.; Jones, D.W.; et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018, 71, 13–115, Correction in Hypertension 2018, 71, e140–e144. [Google Scholar]
- Emdin, C.A.; Rahimi, K.; Neal, B.; Callender, T.; Perkovic, V.; Patel, A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2015, 313, 603–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998, 317, 703–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hill, M.F.; Bordoni, B. Hyperlipidemia. In StatPearls [Internet]; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Frank, R.N. Diabetic retinopathy and systemic factors. Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol. 2015, 22, 151–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Relhan, N.; Flynn, H.W., Jr. The early treatment diabetic retinopathy study historical review and relevance to today’s management of diabetic macular edema. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 2017, 28, 205–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rema, M.; Premkumar, S.; Anitha, B.; Deepa, R.; Pradeepa, R.; Mohan, V. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) eye study, I. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2005, 46, 2328–2333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sahli, M.W.; Mares, J.A.; Meyers, K.J.; Klein, R.; Brady, W.E.; Klein, B.E.; Ochs-Balcom, H.M.; Donahue, R.P.; Millen, A.E. Dietary intake of lutein and diabetic retinopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016, 23, 99–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Raman, R.; Ganesan, S.; Pal, S.S.; Gella, L.; Kulothungan, V.; Sharma, T. Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: SankaraNethralaya-Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Study (SN-DREAMS II), report 1. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017, 24, 294–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, Y.R.; Park, S.W.; Choi, S.Y.; Kim, S.W.; Moon, K.Y.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, K. Association of statin use and hypertriglyceridemia with diabetic macular edema in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2017, 16, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kang, E.Y.; Chen, T.H.; Garg, S.J.; Sun, C.C.; Kang, J.H.; Wu, W.C.; Hung, M.J.; Lai, C.C.; Cherng, W.J.; Hwang, Y.S. Association of statin therapy with prevention of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019, 137, 363–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pranata, R.; Vania, R.; Victor, A.A. Statin reduces the incidence of diabetic retinopathy and its need for intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 2021, 31, 1216–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keech, A.C.; Mitchell, P.; Summanen, P.A.; O’Day, J.; Davis, T.M.; Moffitt, M.S.; Taskinen, M.R.; Simes, R.J.; Tse, D.; Williamson, E.; et al. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 370, 1687–1697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Group, A.S.; Group, A.E.S.; Chew, E.Y.; Ambrosius, W.T.; Davis, M.D.; Danis, R.P.; Gangaputra, S.; Greven, C.M.; Hubbard, L.; Esser, B.A.; et al. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363, 233–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Egan, A.; Byrne, M. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. Ir. Med. J. 2011, 104, 37. [Google Scholar]
- Kostev, K.; Rathmann, W. Diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in the UK: A database analysis. Diabetologia 2013, 56, 109–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masumoto, S.; Terao, A.; Yamamoto, Y.; Mukai, T.; Miura, T.; Shoji, T. Non-absorbable apple procyanidins prevent obesity associated with gut microbial and metabolomic changes. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 31208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, H.; Ren, X.; Chen, Z.; Li, C.; Chen, S.; Wu, S.; Chen, Y.; Yang, X. Association between body mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of Chinese adults. Medicine 2016, 95, e4327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Q.; Dong, S.Y.; Wang, M.L.; Li, J.M.; Ren, C.L.; Gao, C.Q. Obesity and novel cardiovascular markers in a population without diabetes and cardiovascular disease in China. Prev. Med. 2016, 91, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, W.; Wu, Y.; Meng, Y.F.; Xing, Q.; Tao, J.J.; Lu, J. Association of obesity and risk of diabetic retinopathy in diabetes patients: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine 2018, 97, e11807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhana, K.; Nano, J.; Ligthart, S.; Peeters, A.; Hofman, A.; Nusselder, W.; Dehghan, A.; Franco, O.H. Obesity and life expectancy with and without diabetes in adults aged 55 years and older in the Netherlands: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2016, 13, e1002086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Forga, L.; Goni, M.J.; Ibanez, B.; Cambra, K.; Garcia-Mouriz, M.; Iriarte, A. Influence of age at diagnosis and time-dependent risk factors on the development of diabetic retinopathy in patients with Type 1 diabetes. J. Diabetes Res. 2016, 2016, 9898309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cai, X.; Chen, Y.; Yang, W.; Gao, X.; Han, X.; Ji, L. The association of smoking and risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Endocrine 2018, 62, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gupta, P.; Fenwick, E.K.; Sabanayagam, C.; Gan, A.T.L.; Tham, Y.C.; Thakur, S.; Man, R.E.K.; Mitchell, P.; Wong, T.Y.; Cheng, C.Y.; et al. Association of alcohol intake with incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2021, 105, 538–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, W.; Meng, Y.F.; Wu, Y.; Xu, M.; Lu, J. Association of alcohol intake with risk of diabetic retinopathy: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Raum, P.; Lamparter, J.; Ponto, K.A.; Peto, T.; Hoehn, R.; Schulz, A.; Schneider, A.; Wild, P.S.; Pfeiffer, N.; Mirshahi, A. Prevalence and cardiovascular associations of diabetic retinopathy and Maculopathy: Results from the Gutenberg health study. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0127188. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, C.; Sun, Z.; Xu, W.; Tan, J.; Li, D.; Wu, Y.; Zheng, T.; Peng, D. Associations between alcohol intake and diabetic retinopathy risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Endocr. Disord. 2020, 20, 106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beulens, J.W.; Kruidhof, J.S.; Grobbee, D.E.; Chaturvedi, N.; Fuller, J.H.; Soedamah-Muthu, S.S. Alcohol consumption and risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes patients: The EURODIAB prospective complications study. Diabetologia 2008, 51, 1631–1638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, L.; You, Q.S.; Jonas, J.B. Prevalence of alcohol consumption and risk of ocular diseases in a general population: The Beijing eye study. Ophthalmology 2009, 116, 1872–1879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fenwick, E.K.; Xie, J.; Man, R.E.; Lim, L.L.; Flood, V.M.; Finger, R.P.; Wong, T.Y.; Lamoureux, E.L. Moderate consumption of white and fortified wine is associated with reduced odds of diabetic retinopathy. J. Diabetes Complicat. 2015, 29, 1009–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moss, S.E.; Klein, R.; Klein, B.E. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1992, 99, 926–932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, W.; Fu, Y.C.; Wang, W. Cellular and molecular effects of resveratrol in health and disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 2012, 113, 752–759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Srikanta, A.H.; Kumar, A.; Sukhdeo, S.V.; Peddha, M.S.; Govindaswamy, V. The antioxidant effect of mulberry and jamun fruit wines by ameliorating oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Food Funct. 2016, 7, 4422–4431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meng, J.M.; Cao, S.Y.; Wei, X.L.; Gan, R.Y.; Wang, Y.F.; Cai, S.X.; Xu, X.Y.; Zhang, P.Z.; Li, H.B. Effects and Mechanisms of Tea for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Complications: An Updated Review. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mustata, G.T.; Rosca, M.; Biemel, K.M.; Reihl, O.; Smith, M.A.; Viswanathan, A.; Strauch, C.; Du, Y.; Tang, J.; Kern, T.S.; et al. Paradoxical effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and antioxidant vitamins in diabetic rats: Improved retinopathy and renal mitochondrial defects but deterioration of collagen matrix glycoxidation and cross-linking. Diabetes 2005, 54, 517–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Silva, K.C.; Rosales, M.A.B.; Hamassaki, D.E.; Saito, K.C.; Faria, A.M.; Ribeiro, P.A.O.; de Faria, J.B.L.; de Faria, J.M.L. Green tea is neuroprotective in diabetic retinopathy. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2013, 54, 1325–1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kumar, B.; Gupta, S.K.; Nag, T.C.; Srivastava, S.; Saxena, R. Green tea prevents hyperglycemia-induced retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ophthalmic Res. 2012, 47, 103–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vinson, J.A.; Zhang, J. Black and green teas equally inhibit diabetic cataracts in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 3710–3713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, Q.; Chen, D.; Sun, H.P.; Yan, N.; Xu, Y.; Pan, C.W. Regular Chinese green tea consumption is protective for diabetic retinopathy: A Clinic-Based Case-Control Study. J. Diabetes Res. 2015, 2015, 231570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hjellvik, V.; Tverdal, A.; Strom, H. Boiled coffee intake and subsequent risk for type 2 diabetes. Epidemiology 2011, 22, 418–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olechno, E.; Pus’cion-Jakubik, A.; Socha, K.; Zujk, M.E. Coffee Infusions: Can They Be a Source of Microelements with Antioxidant Properties? Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tuomilehto, J.; Hu, G.; Bidel, S.; Lindström, J.; Jousilahti, P. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among middle-aged Finnish men and women. JAMA 2004, 291, 1213–1219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Carlström, M.; Larsson, S.C. Coffee consumption and reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutr. Rev. 2018, 76, 395–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Natella, F.; Scaccini, C. Role of coffee in modulation of diabetes risk. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 70, 207–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akash, M.S.; Rehman, K.; Chen, S. Effects of coffee on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition 2014, 30, 755–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.; Pei, J.H.; Kuang, J.; Chen, H.M.; Chen, Z.; Li, Z.W.; Yang, H.Z. Effect of lifestyle intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Metabolism 2015, 64, 338–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, X.; Zhang, X.; Guo, J.; Roberts, C.K.; Mckenzie, S.; Wu, W.C.; Lin, S.; Song, Y. Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2015, 4, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schellenberg, E.S.; Dryden, D.M.; Vandermeer, B.; Ha, C.; Korownyk, C. Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2013, 159, 543–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yardley, J.; Hay, J.; Abou-Setta, A.M.; Marks, S.D.; McGavock, J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2014, 106, 393–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colberg, S.R.; Sigal, R.J.; Yardley, J.E.; Riddell, M.C.; Dunstan, D.W.; Dempsey, P.C.; Horton, E.S.; Castorino, K.; Tate, D.F. Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2016, 39, 2065–2079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Van Dijk, J.W.; Venema, M.; van Mechelen, W.; Stehouwer, C.D.; Hartgens, F.; van Loon, L.J. Effect of moderate-intensity exercise versus activities of daily living on 24-hour blood glucose homeostasis in male patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013, 36, 3448–3453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dempsey, P.C.; Larsen, R.N.; Sethi, P.; Sacre, J.W.; Straznicky, N.E.; Cohen, N.D.; Cerin, E.; Lambert, G.W.; Owen, N.; Kingwell, B.A.; et al. Benefits for type 2 diabetes of interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of light walking or simple resistance activities. Diabetes Care 2016, 39, 964–972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gordon, B.A.; Benson, A.C.; Bird, S.R.; Fraser, S.F. Resistance training improves metabolic health in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2009, 83, 157–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abate, M.; Schiavone, C.; Pelotti, P.; Salini, V. Limited joint mobility in diabetes and ageing: Recent advances in pathogenesis and therapy. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2010, 23, 997–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Praidou, A.; Harris, M.; Niakas, D.; Labiris, G.J. Physical activity and its correlation to diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Complicat. 2017, 31, 456–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yan, X.; Han, X.; Wu, C.; Shang, X.; Zhang, L.; He, M. Effect of physical activity on reducing the risk of diabetic retinopathy progression: 10-year prospective findings from the 45 and up Study. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0239214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuwata, H.; Okamura, S.; Hayashino, Y.; Tsujii, S.; Ishii, H.; Diabetes Distress and Care Registry at Tenri Study Group. Higher levels of physical activity are independently associated with a lower incidence of diabetic retinopathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study, Diabetes Distress and Care Registry at Tenri (DDCRT15). PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0172890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dirani, M.; Crowston, J.; van Wijngaarden, P. Physical inactivity as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy? A review. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2014, 42, 574–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ren, C.; Liu, W.; Li, J.; Cao, Y.; Xu, J.; Lu, P. Physical activity and risk of diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2019, 56, 823–837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hayashi, N.; Ikemura, T.; Someya, N. Effects of dynamic exercise and its intensity on ocular blood flow in humans. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011, 111, 2601–2606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; San Emeterio Nateras, O.; Peng, Q.; Rosende, C.A.; Duong, T.Q. Blood flow MRI of the human retina/choroid during rest and isometric exercise. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012, 53, 4299–4305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Umpierre, D.; Ribeiro, P.A.; Kramer, C.K.; LeitŃo, C.B.; Zucatti, A.T.; Azevedo, M.J.; Gross, J.L.; Ribeiro, J.P.; Schaan, B.D. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011, 305, 1790–1799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Boniol, M.; Dragomir, M. Physical activity and change in fasting glucose and HbA1c: A quantitative meta-analysis of randomized trials. Acta Diabetol. 2017, 54, 983–991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Al-Othman, A.; Al-Musharaf, S.; Al-Daghri, N.M.; Krishnaswamy, S.; Yusuf, D.S.; Alkharfy, K.M.; Al-Saleh, Y.; Al-Attas, O.S.; Alokail, M.S.; Moharram, O.; et al. Effect of physical activity and sun exposure on vitamin D status of Saudi children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2012, 12, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Scott, D.; Blizzard, L.; Fell, J.; Ding, C.; Winzenberg, T.; Jones, G. A prospective study of the associations between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sarcopenia progression and physical activity in older adults. Clin. Endocrinol. 2010, 3, 581–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klenk, J.; Rapp, K.; Denkinger, M.; Nagel, G.; Nikolaus, T.; Peter, R.; Boehm, B.O.; Koenig, W.; Rothenbacher, D.; ActiFE Study Group. Objectively measured physical activity and vitamin D status in older people from Germany. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2015, 69, 388–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Makanae, Y.; Ogasawara, R.; Sato, K.; Takamura, Y.; Matsutani, K.; Kido, K.; Shiozawa, N.; Nakazato, K.; Fujita, S. Acute bout of resistance exercise increases vitamin D receptor protein expression in rat skeletal muscle. Exp. Physiol. 2015, 100, 1168–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Black, L.J.; Burrows, S.A.; Jacoby, P.; Oddy, W.H.; Beilin, L.J.; Ping-Delfos, W.C.S.; Marshall, C.E.; Holt, P.G.; Hart, P.H.; Mori, T.A. Vitamin D status and predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in Western Australian adolescents. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 112, 1154–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sallam, N.; Laher, I. Exercise modulates oxidative stress and inflammation in aging and cardiovascular diseases. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016, 2016, 7239639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, C.S.; Park, S.; Chun, Y.; Song, W.; Kim, H.J.; Kim, J. Treadmill exercise attenuates retinal oxidative stress in naturally-aged mice: An immunohistochemical study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 21008–21020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kruk, J.; Kubasik-Kladna, K.; Aboul-Enein, H.Y. The role oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of eye diseases: Current status and a dual role of physical activity. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2015, 16, 241–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allen, R.S.; Hanif, A.M.; Gogniat, M.A.; Prall, B.C.; Haider, R.; Aung, M.H.; Prunty, M.C.; Mees, L.M.; Coulter, M.M.; Motz, C.T.; et al. TrkB signalling pathway mediates the protective effects of exercise in the diabetic rat retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2018, 47, 1254–1265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cui, J.Z.; Wong, M.; Wang, A.; Laher, I.; Matsubara, J.A. Exercise inhibits progression of diabetic retinopathy by reducing inflammatory, oxidative stress, and ER stress gene expression in the retina of db/db mice. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2016, 57, 5434. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, Y.; Dong, Y.; Tucker, D.; Wang, R.; Ahmed, M.E.; Brann, D.; Zhang, Q. Treadmill exercise exerts neuroprotection and regulates microglial polarization and oxidative stress in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2017, 56, 1469–1484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schneider, S.H.; Khachadurian, A.K.; Amorosa, L.F.; Clemow, L.; Ruderman, N.B. Tenyear experience with an exercise-based outpatient life-style modification program in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1992, 15, 1800–1810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colberg, S.R. Exercise and Diabetes: A Clinician’s Guide to Prescribing Physical Activity, 1st ed.; American Diabetes Association: Alexandria, VA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Graham, C.; Lasko-McCarthey, P. Exercise options for persons with diabetic complications. Diabetes Educ. 1990, 16, 212–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamdy, O.; Goodyear, L.J.; Horton, E.S. Diet and exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 2001, 30, 883–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farrell, P.; Fedele, M.; Hernandez, J.; Fluckey, J.; Miller, J.; Lang, C.; Vary, T.C.; Kimball, S.R.; Jefferson, L.S. Hypertrophy of skeletal muscle in diabetic rats in response to chronic resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 1999, 87, 1075–1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schuller, G.; Linke, A. Diabetes, exercise. In Type 2 Diabetes: Principles, Practice; Goldstein, B., Muller-Wieland, D., Eds.; Informa Healthcare: New York, NY, USA, 2008; Chapter 6. [Google Scholar]
- Irvine, C.; Taylor, N.C. Progressive resistance exercise improves glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Aust. J. Physiother. 2009, 55, 237–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pollock, M.; Carroll, J.; Graves, J.; Leggett, S.; Braith, R.; Limacher, M.; Hagberg, J.M. Injuries, adherence to walk/jog, resistance training programs in the elderly. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1991, 23, 1194–1200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sigal, R.; Kenny, G.; Boule, N.; Wells, G.; Prud’homme, D.; Fortier, M.; Reid, R.D.; Tulloch, H.; Coyle, D.; Phillips, P.; et al. Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007, 147, 357–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stratton, I.; Adler, A.; Neil, H.; Matthews, D.; Manley, S.; Cull, C.; Hadden, D.; Turner, R.C.; Holman, R.R. Association of glycemia with macrovascular, microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS35): Prospective observational study. BMJ 2000, 321, 405–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Snowling, N.; Hopkins, W. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control, risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2006, 29, 2518–2527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Díaz-López, A.; Babio, N.; Martínez-González, M.A.; Corella, D.; Amor, A.J.; Fitó, M.; Estruch, R.; Arós, F.; Gómez-Gracia, E.; Fiol, M.; et al. Mediterranean Diet, Retinopathy, Nephropathy, and Microvascular Diabetes Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care 2015, 38, 2134–2141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kłosiewicz-Latoszek, L. Dietary guidelines in prevention of chronić diseases. Probl. Hig. Epidemiol. 2009, 90, 447–450. [Google Scholar]
- Sasaki, M.; Kawasaki, R.; Rogers, S.; Man, R.E.; Itakura, K.; Xie, J.; Flood, V.; Tsubota, K.; Lamoureux, E.; Wang, J.J. The Associations of Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated fatty acids with diabetic retinopathy in well-controlled diabetes. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2015, 56, 7473–7479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alcubierre, N.; Navarrete-Munoz, E.M.; Rubinat, E.; Falguera, M.; Valls, J.; Traveset, A.; Vilanova, M.B.; Marsal, J.R.; Hernandez, M.; Granado-Casas, M.; et al. Association of low oleic acid intake with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients: A casecontrol study. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 13, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tanaka, S.; Yoshimura, Y.; Kawasaki, R.; Kamada, C.; Tanaka, S.; Horikawa, C.; Ohashi, Y.; Araki, A.; Ito, H.; Akanuma, Y.; et al. Fruit intake and incident diabetic retinopathy with type 2 diabetes. Epidemiology 2013, 24, 204–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sala-Vila, A.; Diaz-Lopez, A.; Valls-Pedret, C.; Cofan, M.; GarciaLayana, A.; Lamuela-Raventos, R.M.; Castañer, O.; Zanon-Moreno, V.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Toledo, E.; et al. Dietary Marine omega-3 fatty acids and incident sight-threatening retinopathy in middleaged and older individuals with type 2 diabetes: Prospective investigation from the PREDIMED trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016, 134, 1142–1149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millen, A.E.; Sahli, M.W.; Nie, J.; LaMonte, M.J.; Lutsey, P.L.; Klein, B.E.; Mares, J.A.; Meyers, K.J.; Andrews, C.A.; Klein, R. Adequate vitamin D status is associated with the reduced odds of prevalent diabetic retinopathy in African Americans and Caucasians. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2016, 15, 128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bazzano, L.A.; He, J.; Ogden, L.G.; Loria, C.M.; Vupputuri, S.; Myers, L.; Whelton, P.K. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey epidemiologic follow-up study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 76, 93–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Simó, R.; Hernández, C. European Consortium for the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy (EUROCONDOR). Neurodegeneration is an early event in diabetic retinopathy: Therapeutic implications. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2012, 10, 1285–1290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, C.; Wang, P.; Airen, S.; Brown, C.; Liu, Z.; Townsend, J.H.; Wang, J.; Jiang, H. Nutritional and medical food therapies for diabetic retinopathy. Eye Vis. 2020, 7, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Satyanarayana, A.; Balakrishna, N.; Pitla, S.; Reddy, P.Y.; Mudili, S.; Lopamudra, P.; Suryanarayana, P.; Viswanath, K.; Ayyagari, R.; Reddy, G.B. Status of B-vitamins and homocysteine in diabetic retinopathy: Association with vitamin-B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e26747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lei, X.; Zeng, G.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Q.; Zhang, J.; Bai, Z.; Yang, K. Association between homocysteine level and the risk of diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 2018, 10, 61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Calderon, G.D.; Juarez, O.H.; Hernandez, G.E.; Punzo, S.M.; De la Cruz, Z.D. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Development and treatment. Eye 2017, 31, 1122–1130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohn, E.S.; Erdman, J.W.; Kuchan, M.J., Jr.; Neuringer, M.; Johnson, E.J. Lutein accumulates in subcellular membranes of brain regions in adult rhesus macaques: Relationship to DHA oxidation products. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0186767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brazionis, L.; Rowley, K.; Itsiopoulos, C.; O’Dea, K. Plasma carotenoids and diabetic retinopathy. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 101, 270–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Medina, J.J.; Pinazo-Duran, M.D.; Garcia-Medina, M.; Zanon-Moreno, V.; Pons-Vazquez, S. A 5-year follow-up of antioxidant supplementation in type 2 diabetic retinopathy. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 2011, 21, 637–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, P.C.; Wu, C.R.; Wang, Z.L.; Wang, L.Y.; Han, Y.; Sun, S.L.; Li, Q.S.; Ma, L. Effect of lutein supplementation on visual function in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 26, 406–411. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Okai, Y.; Higashi-Okai, K.; Sato, E.F.; Konaka, R.; Inoue, M. Potent radical-scavenging activities of thiamin and thiamin diphosphate. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr. 2007, 40, 42–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Berrone, E.; Beltramo, E.; Solimine, C.; Ape, A.U.; Porta, M. Regulation of intracellular glucose and polyol pathway by thiamine and benfotiamine in vascular cells cultured in high glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 9307–9313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dagher, Z.; Park, Y.S.; Asnaghi, V.; Hoehn, T.; Gerhardinger, C.; Lorenzi, M. Studies of rat and human retinas predict a role for the polyol pathway in human diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 2004, 53, 2404–2411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Luong, K.V.; Nguyen, L.T. The impact of thiamine treatment in the diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Med. Res. 2012, 4, 153–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McNulty, H.; Strain, J.J.; Hughes, C.F.; Ward, M. Riboflavin, MTHFR genotype and blood pressure: A personalized approach to prevention and treatment of hypertension. Mol. Asp. Med. 2017, 53, 2–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vitamin C-Health Professional Fact Sheet. National Institutes of Health. 2020. Available online: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/ (accessed on 27 February 2020).
- Shang, F.; Lu, M.; Dudek, E.; Reddan, J.; Taylor, A. Vitamin C and vitamin E restore the resistance of GSH-depleted lens cells to H2O2. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2003, 34, 521–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, Y.; Dai, P.; Wang, H. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2020, 99, e19274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thosar, S.S.; Bielko, S.L.; Wiggins, C.C.; Klaunig, J.E.; Mather, K.J.; Wallace, J.P. Antioxidant vitamin C prevents decline in endothelial function during sitting. Med. Sci. Monit. 2015, 21, 1015–1021. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Park, S.W.; Ghim, W.; Oh, S.; Kim, Y.; Park, U.C.; Kang, J.; Yu, H.G. Association of vitreous vitamin C depletion with diabetic macular ischemia in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0218433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gurreri, A.; Pazzaglia, A.; Schiavi, C. Role of statins and ascorbic acid in the natural history of diabetic retinopathy: A new, affordable therapy? Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin. 2019, 50, S23–S27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Long, M.; Wang, C.; Liu, D. Glycated hemoglobin A1C and vitamin D and their association with diabetic retinopathy severity. Nutr. Diabetes 2017, 7, e281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rashidi, B.; Hoseini, Z.; Sahebkar, A.; Mirzaei, H. Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Vitamins D and E in Suppression of Atherogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 2017, 232, 2968–2976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, X.; Liu, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, P.; Zhang, Y. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2018, 10, 375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, C.J.; Iyer, G.; Liu, Y.; Kalyani, R.R.; Bamba, N.; Ligon, C.B.; Varma, S.; Mathioudakis, N. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. J. Diabetes Complicat. 2017, 31, 1115–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mutlu, U.; Ikram, M.A.; Hofman, A.; de Jong, P.T.; Uitterlinden, A.G.; Klaver, C.C.; Ikram, M.K. Vitamin D and retinal microvascular damage: The Rotterdam Study. Medicine 2016, 95, e5477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bursell, S.E.; Clermont, A.C.; Aiello, L.P.; Aiello, L.M.; Schlossman, D.K.; Feener, E.P.; Laffel, L.O.R.L.; King, G.L. High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999, 22, 1245–1251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chatziralli, I.P.; Theodossiadis, G.; Dimitriadis, P.; Charalambidis, M.; Agorastos, A.; Migkos, Z.; Platogiannis, N.; Moschos, M.M.; Theodossiadis, P.; Keryttopoulos, P. The effect of vitamin E on oxidative stress indicated by serum malondialdehyde in insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with retinopathy. Open Ophthalmol. J. 2017, 11, 51–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stoyanovsky, D.A.; Goldman, R.; Darrow, R.M.; Organisciak, D.T.; Kagan, V.E. Endogenous ascorbate regenerates vitamin E in the retina directly and in combination with exogenous dihydrolipoic acid. Curr. Eye Res. 1995, 14, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, X.; Sun, W.; Miao, L.; Fu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Su, G.; Liu, Q. Zinc and diabetic retinopathy. J. Diabetes Res. 2013, 2013, 425854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prasad, A.S. Discovery of human zinc deficiency: Its impact on human health and disease. Adv. Nutr. 2013, 4, 176–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luo, Y.Y.; Zhao, J.; Han, X.Y.; Zhou, X.H.; Wu, J.; Ji, L.N. Relationship between serum zinc level and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Chin. Med. J. 2015, 128, 3276–3282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- More, S.A.; In-Su Kim, I.-S.; Choi, D.-K. Recent Update on the Role of Chinese Material Medica and Formulations in Diabetic Retinopathy. Molecules 2017, 22, 76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, J.; Kim, C.S.; Lee, I.S.; Lee, Y.M.; Sohn, E.; Jo, K.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, J.S. Extract of Litsea japonica ameliorates blood-retinal barrier breakdown in db/db mice. Endocrine 2014, 46, 462–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhatt, K.; Flora, S. Oral co-administration of α-lipoic acid, quercetin and captopril prevents gallium arsenide toxicity in rats. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2009, 28, 140–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Li, X.X.; Xing, N.Z.; Cao, X.G. Quercetin inhibits choroidal and retinal angiogenesis in vitro. Graefe Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2007, 246, 373–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cao, X.; Liu, M.; Tuo, J.; Shen, D.; Chan, C.-C. The effects of quercetin in cultured human RPE cells under oxidative stress and in Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double deficient mice. Exp. Eye Res. 2010, 91, 15–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shang, X.; Pan, H.; Li, M.; Miao, X.; Ding, H. Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 138, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, L.M.; Zhang, X.G.; Zhu, J.J.; Gao, H.M.; Wang, Z.M.; Wang, W.H. Two new triterpenoid saponins from the flowers and buds of Lonicera japonica. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2008, 10, 925–929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Herling, A.W.; Burger, H.-J.; Schubert, G.; Hemmerle, H.; Schaefer, H.-L.; Kramer, W. Alterations of carbohydrate and lipid intermediary metabolism during inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 386, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buttriss, J.L.; Stokes, C.S. Dietary fibre and health: An overview. Br. Nutr. Found. Nutr. Bull. 2008, 33, 186–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Lorgeril, M.; Selen, P.; Martin, J.L.; Monjaud, J.; Delaye, J.; Mamelle, N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors and rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction. Final report of the LYON Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999, 99, 779–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Szostak, W.B.; Cichocka, A. Mediterranean diet—A model of nutrition in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In From Obesity to Acute Coronary Syndrome; Cybulska, B., Dłużniewski, M., Eds.; Medical Education: Warsaw, Poland, 2008; pp. 157–162. [Google Scholar]
- Leahy, J.L. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Med. Res. 2005, 36, 197–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Safi, S.Z.; Qvist, R.; Kumar, S.; Batumalaie, K.; Ismail, I.S. Molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy, general preventive strategies, and novel therapeutic targets. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 801269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dow, C.; Mancini, F.; Rajaobelina, K.; Boutron-Ruault, M.C.; Balkau, B.; Bonnet, F.; Fagherazzi, G. Diet and risk of diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2018, 33, 141–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Calder, P.C.; Ahluwalia, N.; Brouns, F.; Buetler, T.; Clement, K.; Cunningham, K.; Esposito, K.; Jönsson, L.S.; Kolb, H.; Lansink, M.; et al. Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 106 (Suppl. 3), 5–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Balasaheb, S.; Pal, D. Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 27986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Suksomboon, N.; Poolsup, N.; Juanak, N. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic profile in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2015, 40, 413–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agbor, G.A.; Vinson, J.A.; Patel, S.; Patel, K.; Scarpati, J.; Shiner, D.; Wardrop, F.; Tompkins, T.A. Effect of selenium- and glutathione-enriched yeast supplementation on a combined atherosclerosis and diabetes hamster model. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 8731–8736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rossino, M.G.; Casini, G. Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Nutrients 2019, 11, 771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Medina, J.J.; Rubio-Velazquez, E.; Foulquie-Moreno, E.; Casaroli-Marano, R.P.; Pinazo-Duran, M.D.; Zanon-Moreno, V.; Del-Rio-Vellosillo, M. Update on the Effects of Antioxidants on Diabetic Retinopathy: In Vitro Experiments, Animal Studies and Clinical Trials. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scalbert, A.; Johnson, I.T.; Saltmarsh, M. Polyphenols: Antioxidants and beyond. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 215S–217S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Palsamy, P.; Subramanian, S. Resveratrol protects diabetic kidney by attenuating hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and renal inflammatory cytokines via Nrf2-Keap1 signaling. BBA Mol. Basis Dis. 2011, 1812, 719–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xia, N.; Daiber, A.; Habermeier, A.; Closs, E.I.; Thum, T.; Spanier, G.; Lu, Q.; Oelze, M. Resveratrol reverses endothelial nitric-oxide synthase uncoupling in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2010, 335, 149–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Li, J.; Yu, S.; Ying, J.; Shi, T.; Wang, P. Resveratrol Prevents ROS-Induced Apoptosis in High Glucose-Treated Retinal Capillary Endothelial Cells via the Activation of AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1 α Pathway. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2017, 2017, 7584691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rodríguez, M.L.; Pérez, S.; Mena-Mollá, S.; Desco, M.C.; Ortega, A.L. Oxidative Stress and Microvascular Alterations in Diabetic Retinopathy: Future Therapies. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, 2019, 4940825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Manickam, M.; Ramanathan, M.; Farboodniay Jahromi, M.A.; Chansouria, J.P.N.; Ray, A.B. Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium. J. Nat. Prod. 1997, 60, 609–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pari, L.; Satheesh, M.A. Effect of pterostilbene on hepatic key enzymes of glucose metabolism in streptozotocin- and nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2006, 79, 641–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dos Santos, M.D.; Almeida, M.C.; Lopes, N.P.; de Souza, G.E. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the natural polyphenol chlorogenic acid. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 2236–2240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Puupponen-Pimiä, R.; Nohynek, L.; Meier, C.; Kähkönen, M.; Heinonen, M.; Hopia, A.; Oksman-Caldentey, K.M. Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2001, 90, 494–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, C.M.; Kully, M.; Khan, J.K.; Hattori, M.; Daneshtalab, M. Synthesis of chlorogenic acid derivatives with promising antifungal activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 6830–6833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McCarty, M.F. A chlorogenic acid-induced increase in GLP-1 production may mediate the impact of heavy coffee consumption on diabetes risk. Med. Hypotheses 2005, 64, 848–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arion, W.J.; Canfield, W.K.; Ramos, F.C.; Schindler, P.W.; Burger, H.J.; Hemmerle, H.; Schubert, G.; Below, P.; Herling, A.W. Chlorogenic acid and hydroxynitrobenzaldehyde: New inhibitors of hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1997, 339, 315–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shin, J.Y.; Sohn, J.; Hyung, K. ParkChlorogenic Acid Decreases Retinal Vascular Hyperpermeability in Diabetic Rat Model. Korean Med. Sci. 2013, 28, 608–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tikhonenko, M.; Lydic, T.A.; Opreanu, M.; Li, C.S.; Bozack, S.; McSorley, K.M.; Sochacki, A.L.; Faber, M.S.; Hazra, S.; Duclos, S.; et al. N-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids prevent diabetic retinopathy by inhibition of retinal vascular damage and enhanced endothelial progenitor cell reparative function. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e55177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shen, J.H.; Ma, Q.; Shen, S.R.; Xu, G.T.; Das, U.N. Effect of alphalinolenic acid on streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy indices in vivo. Arch. Med. Res. 2013, 44, 514–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roig-Revert, M.J.; Lleo-Perez, A.; Zanon-Moreno, V.; Vivar-Llopis, B.; Marin-Montiel, J.; Dolz-Marco, R.; Alonso-Muñoz, L.; Albert-Fort, M.; Lopez-Galvez, M.I.; Galarreta-Mira, D.; et al. Enhanced oxidative stress and other potential biomarkers for retinopathy in type 2 diabetics: Beneficial effects of the nutraceutic supplements. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 408180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Millen, A.E.; Klein, R.; Folsom, A.R.; Stevens, J.; Palta, M.; Mares, J.A. Relation between intake of vitamins C and E and risk of diabetic retinopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79, 865–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mayer-Davis, E.J.; Bell, R.A.; Reboussin, B.A.; Rushing, J.; Marshall, J.A.; Hamman, R.F. Antioxidant nutrient intake and diabetic retinopathy: The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Ophthalmology 1998, 105, 2264–2270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millen, A.E.; Gruber, M.; Klein, R.; Klein, B.E.; Palta, M.; Mares, J.A. Relations of serum ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol to diabetic retinopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 158, 225–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koushan, K.; Rusovici, R.; Li, W.; Ferguson, L.R.; Chalam, K.V. The role of lutein in eye-related disease. Nutrients 2013, 5, 1823–1839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berthet, P.; Farine, J.C.; Barras, J.P. Calcium dobesilate: Pharmacological profile related to its use in diabetic retinopathy. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 1999, 53, 631–636. [Google Scholar]
- Tejerina, T.; Ruiz, E. Calcium dobesilate: Pharmacology and future approaches. Gen. Pharmacol. 1998, 31, 357–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal, E.C.; Martins, J.; Voabil, P.; Liberal, J.; Chiavaroli, C.; Bauer, J.; Cunha-Vaz, J.; Ambrósio, A.F. Calcium Dobesilate Inhibits the Alterations in Tight Junction Proteins and Leukocyte Adhesion to Retinal Endothelial Cells Induced by Diabetes. Diabetes 2010, 59, 2637–2645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ribeiro, M.L.; Seres, A.I.; Carneiro, A.M.; Stur, M.; Zourdani, A.; Caillon, P.; Cunha-Vaz, J.G.; DX-Retinopathy Study Group. Effect of calcium dobesilate on progression of early diabetic retinopathy: A randomised double-blind study. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2006, 244, 1591–1600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Li, S.; Sun, D. Calcium Dobesilate and Micro-vascular diseases. Life Sci. 2019, 221, 348–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solà-Adell, C.; Bogdanov, P.; Hernández, C.; Sampedro, J.; Valeri, M.; Garcia-Ramirez, M.; Pasquali, C.; Simó, R. Calcium Dobesilate Prevents Neurodegeneration and Vascular Leakage in Experimental Diabetes. Curr. Eye Res. 2017, 42, 1273–1286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haritoglou, C.; Gerss, J.; Sauerland, C.; Kampik, A.; Ulbig, M.W. CALDIRET study group Effect of calcium dobesilate on occurrence of diabetic macular oedema (CALDIRET study): Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2009, 373, 1364–1371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cicero, A.F.G.; Fogacci, F.; Tocci, G.; Ventura, F.; Presta, V.; Grandi, E.; Rizzoli, E.; D’Addato, S.; Borghi, C.; Cicero, A.F.G.; et al. Awareness of major cardiovascular risk factors and its relationship with markers of vascular aging: Data from the Brisighella Heart Study. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2020, 30, 907–914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Types of Fatty Acids | Products |
---|---|
Saturated | Dairy products, whole-fat (butter, cheese, cream, milk), lard, tallow, fat meat, palm oil, coconut oil |
Monounsaturated | Olive oil, rapeseed oil, margarine, almonds, hazelnuts, tuna, sardines |
Polyunsaturated | –omega 6: corn oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, walnuts, margarines –omega 3: green leaves, seeds, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, soya oil, fish oils (cod, mackerel, salmon) |
“Trans” (from hydrated oils) | margarines, confectionary fats (crackers, cakes, doughs), “fast-food” |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bryl, A.; Mrugacz, M.; Falkowski, M.; Zorena, K. The Effect of Diet and Lifestyle on the Course of Diabetic Retinopathy—A Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061252
Bryl A, Mrugacz M, Falkowski M, Zorena K. The Effect of Diet and Lifestyle on the Course of Diabetic Retinopathy—A Review of the Literature. Nutrients. 2022; 14(6):1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061252
Chicago/Turabian StyleBryl, Anna, Małgorzata Mrugacz, Mariusz Falkowski, and Katarzyna Zorena. 2022. "The Effect of Diet and Lifestyle on the Course of Diabetic Retinopathy—A Review of the Literature" Nutrients 14, no. 6: 1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061252