Fiber Consumption Mediates Differences in Several Gut Microbes in a Subpopulation of Young Mexican Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Variables and Data Collection
2.2.1. Dietary Variables
2.2.2. Anthropometric Variables
2.3. Microbial Determination
2.3.1. Stool Collection
2.3.2. DNA Extraction
2.3.3. Identification of the Intestinal Microbiota
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Participants
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PCR Assay | Sequence | Target Species | Size (bp) | Cycles and Tm (°C) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides, Prevotella and Porphyromonas) | F. 5′-GGTGTCGGCTTAAGTGCCAT-3′, R. 5′-CGGA(C/T)GTAAGGGCCGTGC-3′ | Bacteroides fragilis, B. stercoris, B. vulgatus, B. eggerthii, B. acidofaciens, B. caccae, B. ovatus, B. uniformis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis, B. merdae, B. forsythus, Prevotella tannerae, P. bryantii, P. ruminicola, P. heparinolytica, P. zoogleoformans, P. brevis, P. loescheii, P. buccae, P. oralis, P. enoeca, P. melaninogenica, P. veroralis, P. intermedia P. albensis, P. nigrescens, P. corporis, P. disiens, P. bivia, P. pallens, P. denticola, Porphyromonas canoris, P. gingivalis, P. asaccharolytica, P. levii, P. cangingivalis, P. endodontalis, P. macacae, P. circumdentaria, P. catoniae | 140 | Polymerase activation at 95 °C for 10 min, and 45 cycles of denaturation (95 °C/10 s), then annealing (68 °C/8 s), and extension (72 °C/6 s); 68 °C | Rinttilä, (2004) [30] |
Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium spp.) | F. 5′-TCGCGTC(C/T)GGTGTGAAAG-3′, R. 5′-CCACATCCAGC(A/G)TCCAC-3′ | Bifidobacterium longum, B. minimum, B. angulatum, B. catenulatum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. dentium, B. ruminantium, B. thermophilum, B. subtile, B. bifidum, B. boum, B. lactis, B. animalis, B. choerinum, B. gallicum, B. pseudolongum subsp. globosum, B. pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum, B. magnum, B. infantis, B. indicum, B. gallinarum, B. pullorum, B. saeculare, B. suis | 243 | Polymerase activation at 95 °C for 10 min, and 45 cycles of denaturation (95 °C/10 s), then annealing (58 °C/8 s), and extension (72 °C/10 s); 58 °C | Rinttilä, (2004) [30] |
Firmicutes (Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale) | F. 5′-CGGTACCTGACTAAGAAGC-3′, R. 5′-AGTTT(C/T)ATTCTTGCGAACG-3′ | Clostridium coccoides, C. proteoclasticum, C. aminophilum, C. symbiosum, C. sphenoides, C. celerecrescens, C. aerotolerans, C. xylanolyticum, C. clostridiiforme, C. fusiformis, C. nexile, C. oroticum, C. populeti, C. aminovalericum, C. indolis, C. herbivorans, C. polysaccharolyticum, Eubacterium xylanophilum, E. ruminantium, E. saburreum, E. fissicatena, E. hadrum, E. rectale, E. ramulus, E. contortum, E. eligens, E. hallii, E. formicigenerans, E. cellulosolvens, Ruminococcus productus, R. obeum, R. schinkii, R. hydrogenotrophicus, R. hansenii, R. torques, R. lactaris, R. gnavus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, B. crossotus, B. fibrisolvens, Desulfotomaculum guttoideum, Roseburia cecicola, Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis, Lachnospira multipara, L. pectinoschiza, Acetitomaculum ruminis, Catonella morbi | 429 | Polymerase activation at 95 °C for 10 min, and 45 cycles of denaturation (95 °C/10 s), then annealing (58 °C/8 s), and extension (72 °C/10 s); 58 °C | Rinttilä, (2004) [30] |
Firmicutes (Clostridium leptum) | F. 5′-GCA CAA GCA GTG GAGT-3′, R. 5′-CTT CCT CCG TTT TGT CAA-3′ | Clostridium leptum, C. viride, Eubacterium siraeum, Ruminococcus bromii, R. callidus, R. albus | 239 | Polymerase activation at 95 °C for 10 min, and 45 cycles of denaturation (95 °C/10 s), then annealing (58 °C/8 s), and extension (72 °C/14 s); 50 °C | Matsuki, (2004) [31] |
Akkermansia | F.5′ CAGCACGTGAAGGTGGGAC-3′, R. 5′-CCTTGCGGTTG GCTTCAGAT-3′ | Akkermansia muciniphila | Polymerase activation at 95 °C for 10 min, and 45 cycles of denaturation (95 °C/10 s), then annealing (58 °C/8 s), and extension (72 °C/30 s); 62 °C | Dao, (2016) [32] | |
Lactobacillus | F.5′-AGCAGTAGGGAATCTTCCA-3′, R. 5′-CACCGCTACACATGGAG-3′ | Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. amylovorus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii, L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis, L. amylolyticus, L. acetotolerans, L. crispatus, L. amylophilus, L. johnsonii, L. gasseri, L. fermentum, L. pontis, L. reuteri, L. mucosae, L. vaginalis, L. panis, L. oris, L. pentosus, L. plantarum, L. collinoides, L. alimentarius, L. farciminis, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. kefiri, L. fructivorans, L. mali, L. animalis, L. murinus, L. ruminis, L. agilis, L. salivarius subsp. salicinius, L. aviarius subsp. aviarius, L. sharpeae, L. manihotivorans, L. rhamnosus, L. casei subsp. casei, L. zeae, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. paracasei subsp. tolerans, L. coryniformis subsp. coryniformis, L. bifermentans, L. perolens, L. sakei subsp. sakei, L. casei subsp. fusiformis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, P. parvulus, P. acidilactici, P. dextrinicus, Weissella halotolerans, W. confusus, W. Paramesenteroides, W. hellenica, W. viridescens, W. kandleri, W. minor, Leuconostoc lactis | Amplification program was 92 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, 30 s at the appropriate annealing temperature, and 72 °C for 30 s; 56 °C | Walter et al., (2001) [33] |
Characteristics | Normal-Weight n = 25 | Overweight/Obese n = 25 | Overweight n = 13 | Obese n = 12 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic Data | |||||
Age, years | 20.5 ± 1.7 | 20.7 ± 1.7 | 21 ± 1.6 | 21 ± 1.8 | NS |
Sex, F/M | 15/10 | 12/13 | 6/7 | 6/6 | NS |
Anthropometric Data | |||||
Weight (Kg) | 59.0 ± 8.0 | 85.0 ± 12.0 | 80.0 ± 9.0 | 89.0 ± 14.0 | 0.0001 |
Height (cm) | 165.0 ± 9.0 | 169.0 ± 9.0 | 170.0 ± 9.0 | 167.0 ± 10.0 | NS |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.9 ± 1.9 | 29.6 ± 3.7 | 27.7 ± 2.1 | 31.8 ± 4.0 | 0.0001 |
Body fat, % | 23.3 ± 6.7 | 32.5 ± 7.1 | 31.5 ± 7.3 | 33.6 ± 7.0 | 0.0001 |
Body water, % | 56.9 ± 4.8 | 51.7 ± 4.8 | 51.3 ± 4.5 | 52.1 ± 5.3 | 0.003 |
Visceral fat, % | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 2.7 | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 6.0 ± 3.4 | 0.0001 |
Muscle | 43.5 ± 8.3 | 53.8 ± 11.1 | 52.3 ± 11.5 | 55.5 ± 10.9 | 0.0007 |
Basal metabolic rate | 1432.0 ± 226.0 | 1704.0 ± 330.0 | 1676.0 ± 297.0 | 1735.0 ± 374.0 | 0.002 |
Metabolic age | 17.4 ± 6.3 | 44.8 ± 13.7 | 42.9 ± 10.2 | 46.7 ± 16.9 | 0.0001 |
Bone mass | 2.36 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 3.1 ± 0.5 | 0.0001 |
Portions/Day | Normal-Weight n = 25 | Overweight/Obese n = 25 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Dairy products | 3.8 (0.4–13.8) | 3.8 (1.0–10.9) | 0.915 |
Fruits | 7.5 (3.0–14.8) | 5.2 (1.5–10.5) | 0.043 |
Vegetables | 9.5 (3.5–15.3) | 6.3 (2.8–13.0) | 0.066 |
Cereal with fat | 4.9 (2.6–8.7) | 3.9 (0.8–9.8) | 0.132 |
Cereal without fat | 6.0 (3.1–11.2) | 5.0 (2.3–6.4) | 0.005 |
Animal protein foods | 2.2 (1.4–4.9) | 2.1 (0.5–4.9) | 0.455 |
Vegetable protein foods | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | 0.7 (0.1–1.9) | 0.331 |
Oils and fats with protein | 1.2 (0.3–5.6) | 1.0 (0.0–7.7) | 0.414 |
Oils and fats without protein | 4.4 (1.6–8.9) | 2.9 (1.0–5.8) | 0.022 |
Sugars | 6.4 (2.9–10.8) | 6.5 (2.1–8.7) | 0.472 |
Alcoholic beverages | 1.4 (0.0–2.5) | 1.0 (0.0–2.5) | 0.682 |
Fiber (g per day) | 19.9 (9.5–37.2) | 19.0 (7.4–35.8) | 0.366 |
Fermented dairy foods (CFU × 109 per day) | 18.3 (0.0–240.4) | 29.6 (0–177.4) | 0.661 |
Variables | Normal Weight n = 25 | Overweight/Obesity n = 25 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Total energy | 3122 (1600–6843) | 2825 (1002–4953) | 0.232 |
kcal/day | |||
Carbohydrates | 464 (240–1005) | 394 (151–755) | 0.063 |
g/day a | |||
Kcal/day | 1886 (969–4031) | 1576 (604–3044) | 0.066 |
% daily b | 60.4 (86–337) | 55.7(44–210) | 0.005 |
Proteins | 95 (53–273) | 101 (33–190) | 0.763 |
g/day a | |||
Kcal/day | 382 (215–1093) | 404 (133–761) | 0.763 |
% daily b | 12.2 (76–349) | 14.3 (41–221) | 0.037 |
Lipids | 86 (44–204) | 80 (28–138) | 0.377 |
g/day a | |||
Kcal/day | 774 (398–1841) | 724 (252–1216) | 0.377 |
% daily b | 24.7 (76–311) | 25.6 (40–191) | 0.017 |
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Rodríguez-Lara, A.; Plaza-Díaz, J.; López-Uriarte, P.; Vázquez-Aguilar, A.; Reyes-Castillo, Z.; Álvarez-Mercado, A.I. Fiber Consumption Mediates Differences in Several Gut Microbes in a Subpopulation of Young Mexican Adults. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061214
Rodríguez-Lara A, Plaza-Díaz J, López-Uriarte P, Vázquez-Aguilar A, Reyes-Castillo Z, Álvarez-Mercado AI. Fiber Consumption Mediates Differences in Several Gut Microbes in a Subpopulation of Young Mexican Adults. Nutrients. 2022; 14(6):1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061214
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Lara, Avilene, Julio Plaza-Díaz, Patricia López-Uriarte, Alejandra Vázquez-Aguilar, Zyanya Reyes-Castillo, and Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado. 2022. "Fiber Consumption Mediates Differences in Several Gut Microbes in a Subpopulation of Young Mexican Adults" Nutrients 14, no. 6: 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061214