Association of Picky Eating with Weight and Height—The European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC–CZ)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Analytical Sample
2.3. Dietary Assessment and Anthropometric Measurement
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Association of Picky Eating with Weight and Height
3.3. Regression Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Key Messages
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
ALSPAC | Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
ELSPAC–CZ | European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood |
References
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Variable | Non-Picky (n = 1722) | Picky (n = 346) | Total (n = 2068) | χ2 Test of Independence | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | p-Value | ||
Sex | Female | 822 | 47.74 | 175 | 50.58 | 997 | 51.79 | 0.365 |
Male | 900 | 52.26 | 171 | 49.42 | 1071 | 48.21 | ||
Maternal education | Elementary | 472 | 27.41 | 113 | 32.66 | 585 | 28.29 | 0.064 |
High school | 732 | 42.51 | 147 | 42.49 | 879 | 42.50 | ||
University | 518 | 30.08 | 86 | 24.85 | 604 | 29.21 | ||
Family structure at 15 years | Nuclear family | 840 | 48.78 | 162 | 46.82 | 1002 | 48.45 | 0.476 |
Stepfamily | 114 | 6.62 | 31 | 8.96 | 145 | 7.01 | ||
Single-parent family | 158 | 9.18 | 32 | 9.25 | 190 | 9.19 | ||
Unknown | 610 | 35.42 | 121 | 34.97 | 731 | 35.35 |
Non-Picky (n = 1722) | Picky (n = 346) | t-Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Median | Mean | SD | Median | p-Value | |
Height (cm) | 170.66 | 8.31 | 171.00 | 169.26 | 8.49 | 170.00 | 0.005 |
Weight (kg) | 60.29 | 11.56 | 58.25 | 56.98 | 10.16 | 55.50 | <0.001 |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.33 | 0.47 | 3.30 | 3.28 | 0.50 | 3.250 | 0.152 |
Females (n = 977) | Males (n = 1071) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Median | Mean | SD | Median | |
Height (cm) | 165.87 | 6.457 | 166.00 | 174.67 | 7.66 | 175.00 |
Weight (kg) | 56.79 | 9.65 | 55 | 62.48 | 12.20 | 61.00 |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.23 | 0.45 | 3.25 | 3.40 | 0.49 | 3.40 |
Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 2068) | (n = 2068) | ||||||
Adj. R2 = 0.328 | Adj. R2 = 0.335 | ||||||
Variable | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | |
Picky eater | No | (ref) | - | - | (ref) | - | - |
Yes | −2.18 | 0.552 | <0.001 | −2.30 | 0.550 | <0.001 | |
Height (cm) | 0.78 | 0.030 | <0.001 | 0.79 | 0.030 | <0.001 | |
Birth weight (kg) | 1.82 | 0.450 | <0.001 | 1.90 | 0.450 | <0.001 | |
Sex | Male | (ref) | - | - | (ref) | - | - |
Female | 1.50 | 0.484 | 0.002 | 1.62 | 0.484 | <0.001 | |
Maternal education | Elementary | - | - | - | (ref) | - | - |
High school | - | - | - | −1.06 | 0.504 | 0.036 | |
University | - | - | - | −2.29 | 0.568 | <0.001 | |
Family structure | Nuclear | - | - | - | (ref) | - | - |
Stepfamily | - | - | - | 0.22 | 0.837 | 0.789 | |
Single-parent | - | - | - | 2.11 | 0.738 | 0.004 | |
Unknown | - | - | - | 0.46 | 0.456 | 0.314 | |
Maternal age at childbirth (years) | - | - | - | 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.487 |
Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 2068) | (n = 2068) | ||||||
Adj. R2 = 0.341 | Adj. R2 = 0.348 | ||||||
Variable | β | SE | p | β | SE | p | |
Picky eater | No | (ref) | - | - | (ref) | - | - |
Yes | −0.94 | 0.400 | 0.018 | −0.83 | 0.399 | 0.038 | |
Birth length (cm) | 0.96 | 0.069 | <0.001 | 0.92 | 0.069 | <0.001 | |
Sex | Male | (ref) | - | - | (ref) | - | - |
Female | −7.90 | 0.305 | <0.001 | −7.94 | 0.304 | <0.001 | |
Maternal education | Elementary | - | - | - | (ref) | - | - |
High school | - | - | - | 1.32 | 0.364 | <0.001 | |
University | - | - | - | 1.93 | 0.410 | <0.001 | |
Family structure | Nuclear | - | - | - | (ref) | - | - |
Stepfamily | - | - | - | −0.70 | 0.607 | 0.249 | |
Single-parent | - | - | - | −0.11 | 0.536 | 0.832 | |
Unknown | - | - | - | 0.01 | 0.331 | 0.976 | |
Maternal age at childbirth (years) | - | - | - | −0.02 | 0.033 | 0.623 |
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Grulichova, M.; Kuruczova, D.; Svancara, J.; Pikhart, H.; Bienertova-Vasku, J. Association of Picky Eating with Weight and Height—The European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC–CZ). Nutrients 2022, 14, 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030444
Grulichova M, Kuruczova D, Svancara J, Pikhart H, Bienertova-Vasku J. Association of Picky Eating with Weight and Height—The European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC–CZ). Nutrients. 2022; 14(3):444. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030444
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrulichova, Marketa, Daniela Kuruczova, Jan Svancara, Hynek Pikhart, and Julie Bienertova-Vasku. 2022. "Association of Picky Eating with Weight and Height—The European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ELSPAC–CZ)" Nutrients 14, no. 3: 444. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030444