Unfavorable Behaviors in Children Run in Packs! Dietary and Non-Dietary Modulators of Attentional Capacity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Recruitment
2.2. Study Schedule and Participants
2.3. Cognitive Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Differences between Boys and Girls
3.2. Breakfast Habits
3.3. Visual Attention Task
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boys | Girls | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 142 (63.7) | 81 (36.3) | |
Grade 5 | 67 | 34 | |
Grade 6 | 75 | 47 | |
BMI | 20.1 ± 4.8 | 20.4 ± 4.3 | 0.283 |
Sleep | |||
Duration, hours | 9:15 ± 1:14 | 9:10 ± 1:26 | 0.691 |
Poor sleep quality, n (%) | 13 (9.2) | 8 (10.0) | 0.817 |
Bedtime | 20:47 | 20:55 | 0.596 |
Wake up-time | 06:17 | 06:12 | 0.203 |
Breakfast | |||
Had a full breakfast, n (%) | 92 (65.2) | 43 (53.8) | 0.087 |
Skipping breakfast at all, n (%) | 13 (9.2) | 11 (13.8) | |
Did not eat or drink, n (%) | 36 (25.5) | 26 (32.5) | |
Physical Activity | |||
Non-school PA frequency | 4 times/week | 2 times/week | <0.001 |
No PA at all, n (%) | 4 (2.8) | 10 (12.5) | <0.001 |
Sedentary within 24 h, % | 46.1 | 43.4 | 0.026 |
Step counts within 24 h | 15,826 | 15,618 | 0.947 |
Visual Attention Task | |||
First RT (s) | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
Half-time of RT (s) | 20.8 ± 4.0 | 23.3 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
Total RT (s) | 38.1 ± 7.2 | 43.0 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
Had a Full Breakfast | Did Not Eat or Drink | Skipping Breakfast | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 135 | n = 62 | n = 24 | ||
BMI | 20.1 ± 4.9 | 20.1 ± 4.0 | 21.0 ± 5.2 | 0.654 |
Sleep duration, hours | 09:28 ± 0:54 | 09:00 ± 1:06 | 09:10 ± 0:49 | 0.012 |
Bedtime | 20:46 ± 0:49 | 20:50 ± 2:47 | 21:12 ± 0:46 | 0.007 |
Wake up-time | 06:14 ± 0:29 | 06:14 ± 0:35 | 06:22 ± 0:24 | 0.501 |
Non-school PA frequency | 4 times/week | 3 times/week | 2 times/week | 0.014 |
Sedentary within 24 h, % | 45.0 | 44.7 | 46.7 | 0.671 |
Step counts within 24 h | 15,884 | 15,978 | 14,419 | 0.037 |
Visual Attention Task | ||||
First RT (s) | 4.4 ± 1.9 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 0.364 |
Half-time of RT (s) | 22.0 ± 4.6 | 21.2 ± 4.3 | 21.3 ± 4.4 | 0.549 |
Total RT (s) | 40.6 ± 8.3 | 38.9 ± 8.7 | 39.0 ± 7.2 | 0.450 |
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Drozdowska, A.; Falkenstein, M.; Lücke, T.; Kersting, M.; Jendrusch, G.; Platen, P.; Sinningen, K. Unfavorable Behaviors in Children Run in Packs! Dietary and Non-Dietary Modulators of Attentional Capacity. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245264
Drozdowska A, Falkenstein M, Lücke T, Kersting M, Jendrusch G, Platen P, Sinningen K. Unfavorable Behaviors in Children Run in Packs! Dietary and Non-Dietary Modulators of Attentional Capacity. Nutrients. 2022; 14(24):5264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245264
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrozdowska, Alina, Michael Falkenstein, Thomas Lücke, Mathilde Kersting, Gernot Jendrusch, Petra Platen, and Kathrin Sinningen. 2022. "Unfavorable Behaviors in Children Run in Packs! Dietary and Non-Dietary Modulators of Attentional Capacity" Nutrients 14, no. 24: 5264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245264