Influence of Parental and Offspring Dietary Behaviors on the Association of Overweight and Obesity between Two Generations: Results from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parent-Offspring Trios in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Anthropometric Measurement and Definition
2.4. Definition of Healthy Dietary Behaviors
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Association of OW/OB between Two Generations
3.3. The Influence of Parental Dietary Behaviors on the Association of OW/OB between Two Generations
3.4. The Influence of Offspring Dietary Behaviors on the Association of OW/OB between Two Generations
3.5. Combined Effects of Parental and Offspring Dietary Behaviors on the Association of OW/OB between Two Generations
3.6. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parental OW/OB Status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Total n = 40,197 | Both Parental OW/OB n = 5182 | Only Paternal OW/OB n = 14,366 | Only Maternal OW/OB n = 4034 | None OW/OB n = 16,425 | p-Value |
Offspring factors | ||||||
Age, year | 10.9 ± 3.0 | 11.0 ± 3.0 | 10.7 ± 3.0 | 11.3 ± 3.0 | 10.9 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
WC, cm | 64.9 ± 10.3 | 68.9 ± 11.8 | 65.4 ± 10.5 | 66.0 ± 10.4 | 62.9 ± 9.2 | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 18.5 ± 3.6 | 20.1 ± 4.2 | 18.7 ± 3.7 | 19.0 ± 3.7 | 17.7 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
Residence area (n, %) | <0.001 | |||||
Urban | 24,519 (61.0) | 2964 (57.2) | 9280 (64.3) | 2164 (53.3) | 10,111 (61.2) | |
Rural | 15,678 (39.0) | 2218 (42.8) | 5156 (35.7) | 1895 (46.7) | 6409 (38.8) | |
Sex (n, %) | <0.001 | |||||
Boys | 21,197 (52.7) | 2848 (55.0) | 7710 (53.4) | 2074 (51.1) | 8565 (51.8) | |
Girls | 19,000 (47.3) | 2334 (45.0) | 6726 (46.6) | 1985 (48.9) | 7955 (48.2) | |
Single child (n, %) | <0.001 | |||||
Yes | 26,526 (66.0) | 3029 (58.5) | 9916 (68.7) | 2348 (57.8) | 11,233 (68.0) | |
No | 13,671 (34.0) | 2153 (41.5) | 4520 (31.3) | 1711 (42.2) | 5287 (32.0) | |
Breastfeeding (n, %) | ||||||
Yes | 34,256 (85.2) | 4430 (85.5) | 12,302 (85.2) | 3463 (85.3) | 14,061 (85.1) | 0.925 |
No | 5941 (14.8) | 752 (14.5) | 2134 (14.8) | 596 (14.7) | 2459 (14.9) | |
Types of obesity (n, %) | ||||||
Normal | 29,340 (73.0) | 2979 (57.5) | 9978 (69.1) | 2916 (71.8) | 13,467 (81.5) | <0.001 |
General obesity | 350 (0.9) | 55 (1.1) | 145 (1.0) | 39 (1.0) | 111 (0.7) | |
Simple abdominal obesity | 966 (2.4) | 126 (2.4) | 393 (2.7) | 91 (2.2) | 356 (2.2) | |
Compound obesity | 9541 (23.7) | 2022 (39.0) | 3920 (27.2) | 1013 (25.0) | 2586 (15.7) | |
Dietary behaviors (n, %) | ||||||
Meat consumption ≤ 3 services/week | 10,399 (25.9) | 1540 (29.7) | 3680 (25.5) | 1178 (29.0) | 4001 (24.2) | <0.001 |
SSBs consumption ≤ 3 sevices/week | 31,070 (77.3) | 3864 (74.6) | 11,243 (77.9) | 3071 (75.7) | 12,892 (78.0) | <0.001 |
Eating breakfast ≥ 6 days/week | 35,537 (88.4) | 4496 (86.8) | 12,855 (89.0) | 3506 (86.4) | 14,680 (88.9) | <0.001 |
Fast-food consumption < 1 times/month | 21,316 (53.0) | 2908 (56.1) | 7458 (51.7) | 2324 (57.3) | 8626 (52.2) | <0.001 |
Physical activity (n, %) | ||||||
MVPA ≥ 1 h/day | 19,526 (48.6) | 2633(50.8) | 6869(47.6) | 2040(50.3) | 7984(48.3) | <0.001 |
Parental factors (n, %) | ||||||
Paternal BMI | 24.1 ± 3.2 | 27.0 ± 2.7 | 26.6 ± 2.2 | 21.8 ± 1.6 | 21.6 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Maternal BMI | 22.2 ± 3.0 | 26.5 ± 2.7 | 21.1 ± 1.7 | 26.3 ± 2.4 | 20.8 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Paternal highest educational attainment (n, %) | ||||||
Primary school or below | 2867 (7.1) | 492 (9.5) | 797 (5.5) | 469 (11.6) | 1109 (6.7) | <0.001 |
Junior high school and Senior high school | 25,959 (64.6) | 3542 (68.4) | 8913 (61.7) | 2875 (70.8) | 10,629 (64.3) | |
Junior college or above | 11,371 (28.3) | 1148 (22.2) | 4726 (32.7) | 715 (17.6) | 4782 (28.9) | |
Maternal highest educational attainment (n, %) | ||||||
Primary school or below | 4016 (10.0) | 683 (13.2) | 1168 (8.1) | 623 (15.3) | 1542 (9.3) | <0.001 |
Junior high school and Senior high school | 25,835 (64.3) | 3515 (67.8) | 8964 (62.1) | 2774 (68.3) | 10,582 (64.1) | |
Junior college or above | 10,346 (25.7) | 984 (19.0) | 4304 (29.8) | 662 (16.3) | 4396 (26.6) | |
Dietary behaviors (n, %) | ||||||
Meat consumption ≤ 3 services/week | 10,281 (25.6) | 1637 (31.6) | 3683 (25.5) | 1202 (29.6) | 3759 (22.8) | <0.001 |
SSBs consumption ≤ 3 sevices/week | 35,586 (88.5) | 4552 (87.8) | 12,809 (88.7) | 3593 (88.5) | 14,632 (88.6) | 0.391 |
Fast-food consumption < 1 times/month | 26,808 (66.7) | 3594 (69.4) | 9406 (65.2) | 2916 (71.8) | 10,892 (65.9) | <0.001 |
Eating breakfast ≥ 6 days/week | 35,627 (88.6) | 4556 (87.9) | 12,772 (88.5) | 3583 (88.3) | 14,716 (89.1) | 0.079 |
Physical activity (n, %) | ||||||
MVPA ≥ 1 h/day | 19,526 (48.6) | 2633 (50.8) | 6869 (47.6) | 2040 (50.3) | 7984 (48.3) | <0.001 |
Variables | General Obesity OR (95% CI) | Simple Abdominal Obesity OR (95% CI) | Compound Obesity OR (95% CI) | High WC Level OR (95% CI) | High BMI Level OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Both parental OW/OB | 2.66 (1.91–3.71) *** | 1.72 (1.40–2.12) *** | 4.04 (3.75–4.35) *** | 3.65 (3.38–3.93) *** | 3.92 (3.65–4.21) *** |
Only paternal OW/OB | 1.80 (1.41–2.32) *** | 1.46 (1.26–1.69) *** | 2.06 (1.94–2.18) *** | 1.99 (1.87–2.11) *** | 2.03 (1.91–2.14) *** |
Only maternal OW/OB | 1.98 (1.37–2.87) ** | 1.28 (1.01–1.62) * | 2.11 (1.93–2.30) *** | 1.96 (1.79–2.15) *** | 2.09 (1.92–2.27) *** |
No parental OW/OB | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Variables | General Obesity OR (95% CI) | Simple Abdominal Obesity OR (95% CI) | Compound Obesity OR (95% CI) | High WC Level OR (95% CI) | High BMI Level OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Both parents and offspring had unhealthy dietary behaviors | |||||
Both parental OW/OB | 2.80 (1.87–4.18) *** | 1.98 (1.56–2.52) *** | 4.05 (3.72–4.41) *** | 3.67 (3.36–4.00) *** | 3.93 (3.60–4.27) *** |
Only paternal OW/OB | 1.82 (1.35–2.44) *** | 1.58 (1.34–1.88) *** | 2.09 (1.96–2.23) *** | 2.04 (1.90–2.18) *** | 2.05 (1.92–2.19) *** |
Only maternal OW/OB | 1.98 (1.25–3.12) ** | 1.40 (1.06–1.84) * | 2.12 (1.92–2.35) *** | 1.98 (1.78–2.20) *** | 2.10 (1.90–2.32) *** |
No parental OW/OB | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Only parents had unhealthy dietary behaviors | |||||
Both parental OW/OB | 2.33 (0.83–6.54) | 1.10 (0.55–2.19) | 3.81 (2.93–4.96) *** | 3.26 (2.49–4.27) *** | 3.71 (2.87–4.81) *** |
Only paternal OW/OB | 1.09 (0.44–2.71) | 0.93 (0.58–1.51) | 1.85 (1.50–2.30) *** | 1.68 (1.35–2.10) *** | 1.82 (1.47–2.24) *** |
Only maternal OW/OB | 2.90 (1.07–7.84) * | 0.52 (0.20–1.34) | 1.84 (1.35–2.52) *** | 1.51 (1.08–2.11) *** | 1.94 (1.43–2.62) *** |
No parental OW/OB | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Only offspring had unhealthy dietary behaviors | |||||
Both parental OW/OB | 2.20 (0.92–5.30) | 0.92 (0.47–1.83) | 4.03 (3.27–4.97) *** | 3.52 (2.83–4.37) *** | 3.96 (3.22–4.87) *** |
Only paternal OW/OB | 1.85 (0.92–3.73) | 1.13 (0.73–1.75) | 1.94 (1.62–2.31) *** | 1.79 (1.49–2.16) *** | 1.93 (1.62–2.29) *** |
Only maternal OW/OB | 1.20 (0.38–3.75) | 1.18 (0.62–2.24) | 2.16 (1.70–2.75) *** | 2.10 (1.63–2.69) *** | 2.11 (1.66–2.67) *** |
No parental OW/OB | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Both parents and offspring had healthy dietary behaviors | |||||
Both parental OW/OB | 1.75 (0.48–6.42) | 2.27 (0.82–6.26) | 3.62 (2.61–5.01) *** | 3.58 (2.55–5.02) *** | 3.45 (2.51–4.74) *** |
Only paternal OW/OB | 2.28 (0.82–6.31) | 1.84 (0.77–4.38) | 1.98 (1.49–2.64) *** | 2.00 (1.47–2.72) *** | 1.97 (1.49–2.61) *** |
Only maternal OW/OB | 1.45 (0.35–6.00) | 1.94 (0.67–5.61) | 1.75 (1.20–2.56) ** | 1.78 (1.20–2.66) * | 1.71 (1.18–2.48) ** |
No parental OW/OB | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
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Ma, Q.; Chen, T.; Liu, J.; Chen, M.; Gao, D.; Li, Y.; Ma, T.; Wang, X.; Chen, L.; Ma, Y.; et al. Influence of Parental and Offspring Dietary Behaviors on the Association of Overweight and Obesity between Two Generations: Results from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parent-Offspring Trios in China. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214625
Ma Q, Chen T, Liu J, Chen M, Gao D, Li Y, Ma T, Wang X, Chen L, Ma Y, et al. Influence of Parental and Offspring Dietary Behaviors on the Association of Overweight and Obesity between Two Generations: Results from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parent-Offspring Trios in China. Nutrients. 2022; 14(21):4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214625
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Qi, Ting Chen, Jieyu Liu, Manman Chen, Di Gao, Yanhui Li, Tao Ma, Xinxin Wang, Li Chen, Ying Ma, and et al. 2022. "Influence of Parental and Offspring Dietary Behaviors on the Association of Overweight and Obesity between Two Generations: Results from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parent-Offspring Trios in China" Nutrients 14, no. 21: 4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214625
APA StyleMa, Q., Chen, T., Liu, J., Chen, M., Gao, D., Li, Y., Ma, T., Wang, X., Chen, L., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Dong, Y., Xing, Y., & Ma, J. (2022). Influence of Parental and Offspring Dietary Behaviors on the Association of Overweight and Obesity between Two Generations: Results from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parent-Offspring Trios in China. Nutrients, 14(21), 4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214625