Anti-Obesity Effects of Formulated Biscuits Supplemented with Date’s Fiber; Agro-Waste Products Used as a Potent Functional Food
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Biscuit Samples Preparation
2.2.2. The Study Design
2.2.3. Body Weight Gain Calculation (BWG)
2.2.4. Sample Preparation for Biochemical Analysis
2.2.5. Blood Biochemical Analysis
2.2.6. Histopathology Analysis
2.2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight Levels
3.2. Blood Glucose Levels
3.3. Lipid Profile Levels
3.4. Kidney and Liver Functions
3.5. Histopathology Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal Groups | NBD for 7 Days | HFD for 4 Weeks | Different Diets |
---|---|---|---|
Non-obese rats (C − ve; G1) | Yes | No | NBD |
Obese on a normal diet (C + ve; G2) | Yes | Yes | NBD |
Obese rats on Orlistat; G3 | Yes | Yes | NBD + Orlistat |
Obese rats on diet 1; G4 | Yes | Yes | NBD + 10% biscuit (5% DF) |
Obese rats on diet 2; G5 | Yes | Yes | NBD + 10% biscuit (10% DF) |
Obese rats on diet 3; G6 | Yes | Yes | NBD + 10% biscuit (15% DF) |
Animal Groups | Initial BW (gm) | Final BW (gm) | Differences (Final-Initial) BW (gm) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-obese rats (C − ve; G1) | 136.33 ± 2.72 b | 134.67 ± 2.60 d | −1.67 | 0.000 |
Obese on normal diet (C + ve; G2) | 221.00 ± 1.00 a | 237.00 ± 2.52 a | 16.00 | |
Obese rats on Orlistat; G3 | 220.00 ± 1.53 a | 131.00 ± 0.58 d | −89.00 | |
Obese rats on diet 1; G4 | 219.00 ± 0.57 a | 251.00 ± 1.02 b | −32.00 | |
Obese rats on diet 2; G5 | 219.33 ± 1.20 a | 232.67 ± 0.88 d | −13.34 | |
Obese rats on diet 3; G6 | 218.67 ± 0.67 a | 144.33 ± 2.85 c | −74.34 |
Animal Groups | Initial Glucose Levels (mg/dL) | Final Glucose Levels (mg/dL) | Differences (Final- Initial; mg/dL) | % Relative Change (G2; C + ve) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-obese rats (C − ve; G1) | 107.00 ± 1.03 d | 106.67 ± 0.89 c | −0.33 | −58.76 |
Obese normal diet (C + ve; G2) | 255.33 ± 1.67 a | 258.67 ± 0.69 a | 3.33 | 0.00 |
Obese rats on Orlistat; G3 | 249.67 ± 4.71 ab | 104.67 ± 0.76 c | −145.00 | −59.54 |
Obese rats on diet 1; G4 | 240.67 ± 3.72 c | 137.33 ± 0.66 b | −103.33 | −46.91 |
Obese rats on diet 2; G5 | 244.33 ± 1.75 bc | 110.33 ± 2.40 c | −134.00 | −57.35 |
Obese rats on diet 3; G6 | 245.67 ± 3.21 bc | 109.00 ± 0.37 c | −135.33 | −57.86 |
Animal Groups | Lipid Profile Levels (mg/dL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TCHO | TrGs | v-LDL | LDL | HDL | |
Non-obese rats (C − ve; G1) | 153.77 ± 1.81 b | 124.17 ± 2.01 c | 30.75 ± 0.36 b | 92.41 ± 4.29 b | 36.53 ± 3.03 c |
Obese normal diet (C + ve; G2) | 238.37 ± 0.38 a | 199.07 ± 1.24 a | 47.67 ± 0.08 a | 135.99 ± 1.05 a | 62.57 ± 0.47 a |
Obese rats on Orlistat; G3 | 146.60 ± 0.78 c | 123.90 ± 0.80 c | 29.32 ± 0.16 c | 84.32 ± 0.17 c | 37.50 ± 0.87 c |
Obese rats on diet 1; G4 | 157.33 ± 1.45 b | 149.43 ± 0.29 b | 31.47 ± 0.29 b | 80.58 ± 1.39 c | 46.87 ± 1.07 b |
Obese rats on diet 2; G5 | 148.23 ± 0.81 c | 145.30 ± 2.49 b | 29.64 ± 0.16 c | 81.67 ± 0.46 c | 37.50 ± 0.62 c |
Obese rats on diet 3; G6 | 157.17 ± 1.63 b | 146.67 ± 1.34 b | 31.43 ± 0.33 b | 87.87 ± 3.72 bc | 39.97 ± 2.26 c |
Animal Groups | Kidney (mg/dL) | Liver Functions (mg/dL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Urea | Creatinine | AST | ALT | |
Non-obese rats (C − ve; G1) | 24.00 ± 2.08 c | 0.50 ± 0.01 d | 42.41 ± 1.62 d | 66.31 ± 0.41 e |
Obese normal diet (C + ve; G2) | 42.33 ± 1.45 a | 1.24 ± 0.01 a | 120.80 ± 2.60 a | 104.60 ± 1.63 a |
Obese rats on Orlistat; G3 | 26.80 ± 0.70 c | 0.52 ± 0.02 d | 45.73 ± 1.42 d | 64.73 ± 2.92 de |
Obese rats on diet 1; G4 | 37.00 ± 1.53 b | 0.94 ± 0.03 b | 87.87 ± 1.37 b | 80.51 ± 3.25 b |
Obese rats on diet 2; G5 | 32.67 ± 1.20 b | 0.78 ± 0.02 c | 52.30 ± 0.61 c | 72.65 ± 2.07 d |
Obese rats on diet 3; G6 | 32.33 ± 1.86 b | 0.67 ± 0.09 c | 65.83 ± 2.02 c | 74.03 ± 1.38 c |
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Aljutaily, T.; Elbeltagy, A.; Ali, A.A.; Gadallah, M.G.E.; Khalil, N.A. Anti-Obesity Effects of Formulated Biscuits Supplemented with Date’s Fiber; Agro-Waste Products Used as a Potent Functional Food. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5315. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245315
Aljutaily T, Elbeltagy A, Ali AA, Gadallah MGE, Khalil NA. Anti-Obesity Effects of Formulated Biscuits Supplemented with Date’s Fiber; Agro-Waste Products Used as a Potent Functional Food. Nutrients. 2022; 14(24):5315. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245315
Chicago/Turabian StyleAljutaily, Thamer, Alaa Elbeltagy, Asmahan A. Ali, Mohamed G. E. Gadallah, and Nazeha A. Khalil. 2022. "Anti-Obesity Effects of Formulated Biscuits Supplemented with Date’s Fiber; Agro-Waste Products Used as a Potent Functional Food" Nutrients 14, no. 24: 5315. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245315