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Nutrients
Volume 14
Issue 21
10.3390/nu14214484
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Article

The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women

by
Wei Lu
,
Zhengyuan Wang
,
Zhuo Sun
,
Zehuan Shi
,
Qi Song
,
Xueying Cui
,
Liping Shen
,
Mengying Qu
,
Shupeng Mai
and
Jiajie Zang
*
Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4484; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214484
Submission received: 19 September 2022 / Revised: 14 October 2022 / Accepted: 19 October 2022 / Published: 25 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Risk Pregnancy and the Role of Nutrition)
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Abstract

Thyroid dysfunction is associated with both vitamin D deficiency and iodine; however, it is unclear whether they interact. This study aimed to investigate whether and to what extent the interactions between vitamin D and iodine contribute to the risk of thyroid disorder. Participants (n = 4280) were chosen using multistage, stratified random sampling from Shanghai. Fasting blood was drawn for the 25(OH)D and thyroid parameter tests. Spot urine samples were gathered to test for urine iodine. To evaluate the interactive effects of vitamin D and iodine, crossover analysis was carried out. Pregnant women with a high urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and severe vitamin D deficiency had a significantly higher risk of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TrAb) positivity (odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 5.22) in the first trimester. Severe vitamin D deficiency and high UIC interacted positively for the risk of TrAb positivity (relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.910, 95%CI: 0.054, 3.766; attributable proportion = 0.700, 95%CI: 0.367, 1.03). Severe vitamin D deficiency combined with excess iodine could increase the risk of TrAb positivity in pregnant women in the first trimester.
Keywords: vitamin D deficiency; thyrotropin receptor antibodies; pregnancy; iodine vitamin D deficiency; thyrotropin receptor antibodies; pregnancy; iodine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lu, W.; Wang, Z.; Sun, Z.; Shi, Z.; Song, Q.; Cui, X.; Shen, L.; Qu, M.; Mai, S.; Zang, J. The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4484. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214484

AMA Style

Lu W, Wang Z, Sun Z, Shi Z, Song Q, Cui X, Shen L, Qu M, Mai S, Zang J. The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women. Nutrients. 2022; 14(21):4484. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214484

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu, Wei, Zhengyuan Wang, Zhuo Sun, Zehuan Shi, Qi Song, Xueying Cui, Liping Shen, Mengying Qu, Shupeng Mai, and Jiajie Zang. 2022. "The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women" Nutrients 14, no. 21: 4484. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214484

APA Style

Lu, W., Wang, Z., Sun, Z., Shi, Z., Song, Q., Cui, X., Shen, L., Qu, M., Mai, S., & Zang, J. (2022). The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women. Nutrients, 14(21), 4484. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214484

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