The Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus abieticola Fruiting Bodies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Purification of Polysaccharides from P. abieticola
2.1.1. Extraction of Polysaccharides
2.1.2. Purification of Polysaccharides
2.2. Composition and Structural Analysis of PAPS1
2.2.1. Composition Analysis of PAPS1
2.2.2. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Analysis of PAPS1
2.2.3. Molecular Weight (Mw) and Homogeneity Analysis of PAPS1
2.2.4. Monosaccharide Composition Analysis of PAPS1
2.2.5. Methylation Analysis of PAPS1
2.2.6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of PAPS1
2.3. Animal Immunosuppression Model and Agent Administration
2.4. Histopathological Analysis
2.4.1. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Staining
2.4.2. Immunohistochemistry Staining
2.5. Assessment of Biochemical Indices
2.6. Intestinal Microflora Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Purification and Composition Analysis of PAPS1
3.2. Structural Characterization of PAPS1
3.3. Immunoregulatory Effects of PAPS1 in Immunosuppressed Mice
3.4. PAPS1 Regulated Intestinal Microflora in Immunosuppressed Mice
3.5. PAPS1 Regulated Cytokines in Immunosuppressed Mice
3.6. PAPS1 Suppressed Oxidative Stress in Immunosuppressed Mice
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Retention Time (min) | Linkage Pattern | Methylated Sugar | Characteristic Ions (m/z) | Relative Mole Percentage * (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
6.773 | t-Fuc(p) | 1,5-di-O-acetyl-6-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl fucitol | 59, 72, 89, 102, 115, 118, 131, 162, 175 | 1.81 |
8.624 | t-Man(p) | 1,5-di-O-acetyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl mannitol | 59, 71, 87, 102, 113, 118, 129, 145, 161, 162, 205, 246 | 32.19 |
9.683 | t-Gal(p) | 1,5-di-O-acetyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl galactitol | 59, 71, 87, 102, 113, 118, 129, 145, 161, 162, 205 | 1.67 |
11.908 | 3-Glc(p) | 1,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-2,4,6-tri-O-methyl glucitol | 59, 71, 74, 87, 101, 118, 129, 143, 161, 174, 203, 217, 234, 277 | 2.82 |
15.228 | 6-Gal(p) | 1,5,6-tri-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl galactitol | 59, 71, 87, 99, 102, 118, 129, 143, 159, 162, 189, 204, 233 | 31.59 |
19.398 | 2,6-Gal(p) | 1,2,5,6-tetra-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-methyl galactitol | 60, 74, 87,100, 114, 130, 143, 160, 174, 190, 204, 234 | 29.93 |
Residue | Glycosyl Residues | H1/C1 | H2/C2 | H3/C3 | H4/C4 | H5/C5 | H6a /C6 | H6b | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | β-D-Manp-(1→ | 4.72 | 4.08 | 3.57 | 3.75 | 3.48 | 3.85 | 3.66 | [16] |
101.69 | 72.93 | 76.25 | 70.43 | 75.67 | 61.07 | ||||
B | →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ | 4.90 | 3.78 | 4.01 | 4.08 | 4.21 | 3.85 | 3.50 | [26] |
98.30 | 69.19 | 69.50 | 69.63 | 68.54 | 66.82 | ||||
C | →2,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ | 5.04 | 3.82 | 3.91 | 4.00 | 4.10 | 3.85 | 3.58 | [27] |
98.15 | 76.97 | 69.20 | 70.43 | 68.81 | 66.78 | ||||
D | → 3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ | 4.47 | 3.64 | 4.25 | 3.51 | 3.48 | 3.29 | 3.22 | [28,29] |
102.08 | 73.17 | 78.80 | 70.50 | 75.65 | 60.26 |
Group | Taxa | Abundance (log10) | LDA Score | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ctrl | Bacteria.Firmicutes.Erysipelotrichi.Erysipelotrichales | 4.185 | 3.362 | 0.022 |
Bacteria.Firmicutes.Clostridia.Clostridiales.Ruminococcaceae.Ruminococcus | 4.185 | 3.697 | 0.019 | |
Bacteria.Firmicutes.Bacilli.Lactobacillales.Streptococcaceae.Streptococcus | 4.158 | 2.534 | 0.032 | |
Bacteria.Firmicutes.Erysipelotrichi.Erysipelotrichales.Erysipelotrichaceae | 3.714 | 3.379 | 0.022 | |
Bacteria.Bacteroidetes.Bacteroidia.Bacteroidales._Odoribacteraceae_ | 3.714 | 3.653 | 0.02 | |
Bacteria.Proteobacteria.Gammaproteobacteria.Pseudomonadales.Moraxellaceae.Perlucidibaca | 3.714 | 2.41 | 0.017 | |
Bacteria.Firmicutes.Erysipelotrichi | 2.91 | 3.365 | 0.022 | |
Bacteria.Bacteroidetes.Bacteroidia.Bacteroidales._Odoribacteraceae_.Odoribacter | 1.952 | 3.623 | 0.02 | |
Model | Bacteria.Proteobacteria.Epsilonproteobacteria | 4.19 | 3.835 | 0.029 |
Bacteria.Proteobacteria.Epsilonproteobacteria.Campylobacterales.Helicobacteraceae.Helicobacter | 4.19 | 3.838 | 0.029 | |
Bacteria.Proteobacteria.Epsilonproteobacteria.Campylobacterales.Helicobacteraceae | 4.19 | 3.787 | 0.029 | |
Bacteria.Chloroflexi.Anaerolineae.SBR1031 | 4.19 | 2.738 | 0.009 | |
Bacteria.Chloroflexi.Anaerolineae.SBR1031.A4b | 2.078 | 3.3 | 0.017 | |
Bacteria.Proteobacteria.Epsilonproteobacteria.Campylobacterales | 2.03 | 3.836 | 0.029 | |
Bacteria.Chloroflexi.Anaerolineae.SBR1031.SHA_31 | 1.911 | 2.44 | 0.007 | |
Bacteria.Chloroflexi.Anaerolineae | 1.409 | 2.538 | 0.03 | |
PAPS1 | Bacteria.Bacteroidetes.Bacteroidia.Bacteroidales._Paraprevotellaceae_.Paraprevotella | 2.711 | 2.461 | 0.045 |
Bacteria.Bacteroidetes.Bacteroidia.Bacteroidales._Paraprevotellaceae_ | 2.711 | 2.44 | 0.039 | |
Bacteria.Proteobacteria.Gammaproteobacteria.Alteromonadales.Idiomarinaceae | 1.72 | 2.774 | 0.017 | |
LEP | Bacteria.Firmicutes.Clostridia.Clostridiales.Lachnospiraceae.Clostridium | 3.201 | 2.704 | 0.014 |
Bacteria.Firmicutes.Clostridia.Clostridiales.Ruminococcaceae.Ruminococcus.Ruminococcus_albus | 1.545 | 2.95 | 0.017 |
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Pan, M.; Kong, F.; Xing, L.; Yao, L.; Li, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, C.; Li, L. The Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus abieticola Fruiting Bodies. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4410. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204410
Pan M, Kong F, Xing L, Yao L, Li Y, Liu Y, Li C, Li L. The Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus abieticola Fruiting Bodies. Nutrients. 2022; 14(20):4410. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204410
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Meichen, Fange Kong, Lei Xing, Lan Yao, Yu Li, Yang Liu, Changtian Li, and Lanzhou Li. 2022. "The Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus abieticola Fruiting Bodies" Nutrients 14, no. 20: 4410. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204410