Changes Induced by Aging and Long-Term Exercise and/or DHA Supplementation in Muscle of Obese Female Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Treatments
2.2. Training Protocol
2.3. mRNA Expression (Real-Time PCR)
2.4. Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle
3.1.1. Effects on Whole Body Lean Mass and Muscle Relative Weights
3.1.2. Effects on mRNA Expression of Genes Related to Inflammation, Muscle Damage and Muscle Regeneration
3.1.3. Effects on Genes and Proteins Related to Muscle Metabolism
3.1.4. Effects on mRNA Expression of Genes Related to Myokines
3.2. Effects of Long-Term DHA Supplementation and/or Treadmill Training on Muscle in DIO Old Mice
3.2.1. Effects on Whole Body Lean Mass and Muscle Relative Weights
3.2.2. Effects on mRNA Expression of Pro-Inflammatory, Muscle Damage- and Muscle Regeneration-Related Genes
3.2.3. Effects on Genes and Proteins Related to Muscle Metabolism
3.2.4. Effects on mRNA Expression of Genes Related to Myokines
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward Primer Sequence | Reverse Primer Sequence |
---|---|---|
Acox | CTATGGGATCAGCCAGAAAG | AGTCAAAGGCATCCACCAA |
Adiponectin | CGAGGATTCTCTGGAACTGC | GGTCGCTTCTTCAAGGTCTG |
Atrogin-1 | CTTTCAACAGACTGGACTTCTCGA | CAGCTCCAACAGCCTTACTACGT |
Caspase-3 | CCTCAGAGAGACATTCATGG | GCAGTAGTCGCCTCTGAAGA |
Caspase-8 | ACCGAGATCCTGTGAATGGAACC | TAAGAATGTCATCTCCTTGAGGA |
Caspase-9 | AGTTCCCGGGTGCTGTCTAT | GCCATGGTCTTTCTGCTCAC |
Cpt1b | CGAGGATTCTCTGGAACTGC | GGTCGCTTCTTCAAGGTCTG |
Fndc5 | GGTGCTGATCATTGTTGTGG | CGCTCTTGGTTTTCTCCTTG |
Glut1 | TCAACACGGCCTTCACTG | CACGATGCTCAGATAGGAC |
Glut4 | AAAAGTGCCTGAAACCAGAG | TCACCTCCTGCTCTAAAAGG |
Il-6 | GAGGATACCACTCCCAACAGACC | AAGTGCATCATCGTTGTTCATACA |
Il-10 | AAGGCAGTGGAGCAGGTGAA | CCAGCAGACTCAATACACAC |
Metrnl | AAGCCTTTCAGGGACTCCTC | CCCTGGTCGTACTCCACACT |
Myf5 | CACCAACCCTAACCAGAGACTCCC | GCTGTTACATTCAGGCATGCCG |
Myod | CGCGCTCCAACTGCTCTGATGG | CTCGACACAGCCGCACTCTTCC |
Myog | GACCCTACAGACGCCCACAATC | ACACCCAGCCTGACAGACAATC |
Myostatin | TGCAAAATTGGCTCAAACAG | GCAGTCAAGCCCAAAGTCTC |
Murf1 | GCTGGTGGAAAACATCATTGACAT | CATCGGGTGGCTGCCTTT |
Tnf-α | CATCTTCTCAAAATTCGAGTGACAA | TGGGAGTAGACAAGGTACAACCC |
36b4 | CACTGGTCTAGGACCCGAGAAG | GGTGCCTCTGGAGATTTTCG |
Parameter | 2 Months (n = 10) | 6 Months (n = 7) | 18 Months (n = 9) |
---|---|---|---|
Lean mass (g) | 13.85 (0.55) | 15.96 (0.50) *** | 16.74 (0.74) *** # |
Lean mass (%) | 77.84 (2.63) | 76.49 (2.74) | 57.76 (9.78) *** ### |
Gastrocnemius (%BW) | 0.50 (0.06) | 0.47 (0.06) | 0.44 (0.05) |
Soleus (%BW) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) * | 0.03 (0.00) ** |
Parameter | DIO (n = 10) | DIO + DHA (n = 6) | DIO + EX (n = 8) | DIO + DHA + EX (n = 9) | 2 × 2 ANOVA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DHA | EX | DHAxEX | |||||
p | p | p | |||||
Lean mass (g) | 20.30 (1.66) | 18.85 (0.67) | 19.84 (1.68) | 20.27 (0.95) | 0.293 | 0.324 | 0.052 |
Lean mass (%) | 38.27 (4.44) | 37.48 (2.86) | 37.18 (1.65) | 39.05 (3.61) | 0.647 | 0.834 | 0.265 |
Gas (%BW) | 0.25 (0.04) | 0.27 (0.05) | 0.27 (0.04) | 0.26 (0.04) | 0.687 | 0.687 | 0.232 |
Soleus (%BW) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.971 | 0.754 | 0.71 |
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Martínez-Gayo, A.; Félix-Soriano, E.; Sáinz, N.; González-Muniesa, P.; Moreno-Aliaga, M.J. Changes Induced by Aging and Long-Term Exercise and/or DHA Supplementation in Muscle of Obese Female Mice. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204240
Martínez-Gayo A, Félix-Soriano E, Sáinz N, González-Muniesa P, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Changes Induced by Aging and Long-Term Exercise and/or DHA Supplementation in Muscle of Obese Female Mice. Nutrients. 2022; 14(20):4240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204240
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Gayo, Alejandro, Elisa Félix-Soriano, Neira Sáinz, Pedro González-Muniesa, and María J. Moreno-Aliaga. 2022. "Changes Induced by Aging and Long-Term Exercise and/or DHA Supplementation in Muscle of Obese Female Mice" Nutrients 14, no. 20: 4240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204240