Benefits of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Are Independent of Physical Activity Behaviors in Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment of Dietary Intake
2.3. Assessment of Anthropometry and MetS
2.4. Assessment of Physical Activity Behaviors
2.5. Other Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Alberti, K.G.M.M.; Zimmet, P.; Shaw, J. Metabolic syndrome—A new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet. Med. 2006, 23, 469–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Neill, S.; O’Driscoll, L. Metabolic syndrome: A closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obes. Rev. 2015, 16, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Moore, J.X.; Chaudhary, N.; Akinyemiju, T. Metabolic syndrome prevalence by race/ ethnicity and sex in the United States, national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988–2012. Prev. Chron. Dis. 2017, 14, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ford, E.S.; Giles, W.H.; Dietz, W.H. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. JAMA 2002, 287, 356–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, Y.-W.; Zhu, S.; Palaniappan, L.; Sa, H.; MR, C.; Heymsfield, S.B. The metabolic syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003, 163, 427–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gupta, R.; Deedwania, P.C.; Gupta, A.; Rastogi, S.; Panwar, R.B.; Kothari, K. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population. Int. J. Cardiol. 2004, 97, 257–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, G.; Qiao, Q.; Tuomilehto, J.; Balkau, B.; Borch-Johnsen, K.; Pyorala, K. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164, 1066–1076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Nutrition in Universal Health Coverage; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Nicklett, E.J.; Kadell, A.R. Fruit and vegetable intake among older adults: A scoping review. Maturitas 2013, 75, 305–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Afshin, A.; Sur, P.J.; Fay, K.A.; Cornaby, L.; Ferrara, G.; Salama, J.S.; Mullany, E.C.; Abate, K.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abebe, Z.; et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 2019, 393, 1958–1972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ford, E.S.; Mokdad, A.H. Fruit and vegetable consumption and diabetes mellitus incidence among U.S. adults. Prev. Med. 2001, 32, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahmed, A.; Lager, A.; Fredlund, P.; Elinder, L.S. Consumption of fruit and vegetables and the risk of type 2 diabetes: |A 4-year longitudinal study among Swedish adults. J. Nutr. Sci. 2020, 9, e14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lim, M.; Kim, J. Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome determined using the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Eur. J. Nutr. 2020, 59, 1667–1678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhang, D.Z. Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with metabolic syndrome. A meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 1693–1703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esmaillzadeh, A.; Kimiagar, M.; Mehrabi, Y.; Azadbakht, L.; Hu, F.B.; Willett, W.C. Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 1489–1497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, Y.; Su, L.; Wang, J.; Duan, X.; Jiang, X. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of the metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 756–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, M.; Lim, M.; Kim, J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Br. J. Nutr. 2019, 122, 723–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, J.Y.; Kim, J.Y.; Kang, H.T.; Han, K.H.; Shim, J.Y. Effect of fruits and vegetables on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2015, 66, 416–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lutsey, P.L.; Steffen, L.M.; Stevens, J. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Circulation 2008, 117, 754–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nilsson, A.; Wåhlin-Larsson, B.; Kadi, F. Physical activity and not sedentary time per se influences on clustered metabolic risk in elderly community-dwelling women. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0175496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brocklebank, L.A.; Falconer, C.L.; Page, A.S.; Perry, R.; Cooper, A.R. Accelerometer-measured sedentary time and cardiometabolic biomarkers: A systematic review. Prev. Med. 2015, 76, 92–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Public Health Agency of Sweden. Health on Equal Term? A Survey on Health and Living Conditions in Sweden 2021. Available online: https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/contentassets/840c39c076eb48bc8a1cbfdfdfd01a22/questionnare-survey-public-health-2021.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2021).
- Papaioannou, K.-G.; Nilsson, A.; Nilsson, L.M.; Kadi, F. Healthy eating is associated with sarcopenia risk in physically active older adults. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Troiano, R.P.; Berrigan, D.; Dodd, K.W.; Mâsse, L.C.; Tilert, T.; Mcdowell, M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2008, 40, 181–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amcoff, E.; Edberg, A.; Enghardt Barbieri, H.; Lindroos, A.K.; Nälsén, C.; Pearson, M.; Warensjö Lemming, E. Livsmedelsverket (Swedish Food Agency). In Riksmaten–vuxna 2010–11. Livsmedels- och näringsintag bland vuxna i Sverige; Livsmedelsverket: Uppsala, Sweden, 2012; p. 180. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Ouyang, Y.; Liu, J.; Zhu, M.; Zhao, G.; Bao, W.; Hu, F.B. Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2014, 349, g4490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aune, D.; Giovannucci, E.; Boffetta, P.; Fadnes, L.T.; Keum, N.N.; Norat, T.; Greenwood, D.C.; Riboli, E.; Vatten, L.J.; Tonstad, S. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2017, 46, 1029–1056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khalil, A.; Gaudreau, P.; Cherki, M.; Wagner, R.; Tessier, D.M.; Fulop, T.; Shatenstein, B. Antioxidant-rich food intakes and their association with blood total antioxidant status and vitamin C and E levels in community-dwelling seniors from the Quebec longitudinal study NuAge. Exp. Gerontol. 2011, 46, 475–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bokov, A.; Chaudhuri, A.; Richardson, A. The role of oxidative damage and stress in aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2004, 125, 811–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Watzl, B.; Kulling, S.E.; Möseneder, J.; Barth, S.W.; Bub, A. A 4-wk intervention with high intake of carotenoid-rich vegetables and fruit reduces plasma C-reactive protein in healthy, nonsmoking men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 82, 1052–1058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jayaprakasam, B.; Vareed, S.K.; Olson, L.K.; Nair, M.G. Insulin secretion by bioactive anthocyanins and anthocyanidins present in fruits. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2005, 53, 28–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, J.P.; Chen, G.C.; Wang, X.P.; Qin, L.; Bai, Y. Dietary fiber and metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis and review of related mechanisms. Nutrients 2018, 10, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mirmiran, P.; Bakhshi, B.; Hosseinpour-Niazi, S.; Sarbazi, N.; Hejazi, J.; Azizi, F. Does the association between patterns of fruit and vegetables and metabolic syndrome incidence vary according to lifestyle factors and socioeconomic status? Nutr. Metabol. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2020, 30, 1322–1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piercy, K.L.; Troiano, R.P.; Ballard, R.M.; Carlson, S.A.; Fulton, J.E.; Galuska, D.A.; George, S.M.; Olson, R.D. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA 2018, 320, 2020–2028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bergens, O.; Nilsson, A.; Papaioannou, K.G.; Kadi, F. Sedentary patterns and systemic inflammation: Sex-specific links in older adults. Front. Physiol. 2021, 12, 69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
MetS Components | Men | Women |
---|---|---|
(n = 94) | (n = 152) | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 95 ± 10 | 80 ± 9 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137 ± 11 | 136 ± 14 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84 ± 8 | 81 ± 9 |
Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 0.4 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.4 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.4 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Papaioannou, K.-G.; Kadi, F.; Nilsson, A. Benefits of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Are Independent of Physical Activity Behaviors in Older Adults. Nutrients 2022, 14, 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020263
Papaioannou K-G, Kadi F, Nilsson A. Benefits of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Are Independent of Physical Activity Behaviors in Older Adults. Nutrients. 2022; 14(2):263. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020263
Chicago/Turabian StylePapaioannou, Konstantinos-Georgios, Fawzi Kadi, and Andreas Nilsson. 2022. "Benefits of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Are Independent of Physical Activity Behaviors in Older Adults" Nutrients 14, no. 2: 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020263