Breastfeeding Practices, Infant Formula Use, Complementary Feeding and Childhood Malnutrition: An Updated Overview of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Type of Studies and Participants
2.3. Type of Outcomes Reviewed
2.4. Data Extraction
3. Results
3.1. Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in the EMR
3.1.1. Breastfeeding Parameters
Prevalence of Ever Breastfed
Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding (under 6 Months)
Prevalence of Mixed Milk Feeding (under 6 Months)
Prevalence of Continued Breastfeeding (between 12–23 Months)
Prevalence of Bottle Feeding (under 6 Months)
3.1.2. Complementary Feeding Parameters
Prevalence of Introduction of Solid, Semi-Solid or Soft Food (at 6–8 Months)
3.2. Malnutrition Status among Under-5 Years Children in the EMR
3.2.1. Malnutrition Parameters
Undernutrition: Prevalence of Stunting, Underweight and Wasting
Overnutrition: Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity
3.3. International Overview
4. Discussion
4.1. Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices
4.2. Malnutrition Status among Under-5 Years Children
4.3. Strength and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Eastern Mediterranean Countries | Number of Children * | Ever Breastfed (%) | Exclusive Breastfeeding (%) | Mixed Milk Feeding (%) | Continued Breastfeeding (%) | Bottle Feeding (%) | Introduction of Solid, Semi-Solid, or Soft Foods (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan (2015–2018) | 7963 | NA | 57.5 | NA | 73.8 | NA | 58.5 | [35,36,37,38] |
Bahrain | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Djibouti (2012–2017) | ND | NA | 12.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA | [35,39] |
Egypt (2010–2018) | 7331 | 97.7 | 29.1 | 55.9 | 50.3 | 34 | 72.3 | [26,27,28,35,37,40,41,42,43,44,45] |
Iran (2005–2015) | 93,627 | 98.6 | 46 | 87 | 70.5 | 31.2 | 75.9 | [35,37,46,47,48,49,50] |
Iraq (2006–2018) | 1598 | 88.5 | 30.1 | 26.1 | 35.4 | 32.6 | 82.5 | [35,37,51,52,53,54,55] |
Jordan (2014–2017) | 1444 | 84.4 | 21.1 | 43 | 25.8 | NA | 83.4 | [35,37,56,57,58,59] |
Kuwait (2007–2015) | 2726 | 93.6 | 26.5 | 50.4 | 12 | 16.7 | NA | [32,33,34,60] |
Lebanon (2000–2021) | 9481 | 89.7 | 25.4 | 29.25 | 24.9 | 30.3 | 43.6 | [4,30,31,37,61,62,63,64,65,66] |
Libya (1988–2017) | 526 | 95.6 | 41.3 | 26.5 | NA | 27 | NA | [18,67] |
Morocco (2003–2017) | 271 | 94.7 | 42.4 | 39.4 | 41.2 | 30.3 | 84.4 | [35,37,68,69] |
Oman (2016–2017) | 1344 | 47 | 24.6 | NA | 64.1 | 48.6 | 95.3 | [29,37,70,71] |
Pakistan (2006–2018) | 26,872 | 96.8 | 37.2 | NA | 65.1 | 19.5 | 52.5 | [23,24,25,37,72,73,74] |
Palestine (2003–2020) | 835 | NA | 43.8 | 41 | 30.4 | 23.2 | 89.9 | [35,37,75,76,77,78] |
Qatar (2009–2017) | 1418 | 96 | 24.4 | 25.6 | 36.5 | NA | 74 | [19,20,21,35,37,79] |
Saudi Arabia (2004–2019) | 16,258 | 91.6 | 21.9 | 42.3 | 11.1 | 59.2 | 14.3 | [80,81,82] |
Somalia (2006–2018) | ND | NA | 25.5 | NA | 44.2 | NA | 41.2 | [35,37,83,84] |
Sudan (2014–2019) | 152,259 | 96 | 55.6 | NA | 68.2 | NA | 54.7 | [22,35,37,85,86,87] |
Syrian Arab Republic (2006–2019) | ND | NA | 28.5 | NA | 42.5 | NA | 74.6 | [35,37,88] |
Tunisia (2018) | ND | NA | 13.5 | NA | NA | 16.7 | 86.8 | [35,37,89] |
United Arab Emirates (2014–2020) | 2346 | 95.3 | 32.7 | 48 | 1 | NA | 93.5 | [16,17,90] |
Yemen (2013) | ND | NA | 9.7 | NA | 60.5 | NA | 69.2 | [35,37,91] |
Eastern Mediterranean Region | 326,299 | |||||||
Point Estimate | 84.3 | 30.9 | 42.9 | 41.5 | 32.1 | 69.3 | ||
Lower Limit | 47 | 9.7 | 25.6 | 1 | 16.7 | 14.3 | ||
Upper Limit | 98.6 | 57.5 | 87 | 73.8 | 59.2 | 95.3 |
Eastern Mediterranean Countries | Number of Children * | Stunting (%) | Underweight (%) | Wasting (%) | Overweight (%) | Obesity (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan (2018–2020) | 600 | 36.7 | 19.1 | 12.8 | 4 | NA | [36,92,98,99,104,106] |
Bahrain (1995–2020) | 698 | 5.1 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 6.5 | [92,99,104,106,107] |
Djibouti (2012–2020) | ND | 33.8 | 26 | 21.5 | 7.7 | NA | [39,92,99,104,106] |
Egypt (2008–2020) | 5144 | 22.6 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 12.6 | NA | [42,45,92,99,100,104,106,112] |
Iran (2004–2020) | 84,667 | 8.7 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 1.3 | [47,92,99,102,103,104,106,108,113,114,115] |
Iraq (2006–2020) | 2290 | 25.4 | 9.9 | 4.2 | 7.5 | NA | [51,52,92,99,104,106,116,117] |
Jordan (2012–2020) | ND | 7.5 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 5.9 | NA | [57,92,99,104,106] |
Kuwait (2016–2020) | 4400 | 6.2 | 3 | 2.5 | 7.8 | 3.7 | [92,99,104,106,111,118] |
Lebanon (2004–2021) | 11,505 | 9.7 | 4.4 | 6 | 14.6 | 4.3 | [4,30,63,64,66,92,99,104,106,110] |
Libya (1995–2020) | 9846 | 30.8 | 8 | 8 | 23.7 | NA | [92,99,101,104,105,106,119] |
Morocco (2016–2020) | 297 | 14.4 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 11.1 | NA | [68,69,92,99,104,106] |
Oman (2016–2020) | 3129 | 11.6 | 11.2 | 9.3 | 4.5 | NA | [29,71,92,99,104,106] |
Pakistan (2014–2020) | 93,159 | 46.8 | 35.6 | 13.8 | 5.1 | NA | [73,74,92,96,97,99,104,106] |
Palestine (2003–2020) | 10,677 | 16.2 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 1.5 | [75,77,78,92,99,104,106,109,120,121] |
Qatar (1995–2020) | ND | 4.6 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 13.9 | NA | [92,99,104,106] |
Saudi Arabia (2004–2020) | 15,516 | 8 | 6.1 | 11.1 | 6.9 | NA | [92,99,104,106,122,123] |
Somalia (2006–2020) | 73,778 | 31.4 | 29.3 | 15.4 | 3 | NA | [83,84,92,94,95,96,97,98,99,104,106] |
Sudan (2010–2020) | 146,797 | 34.2 | 25.5 | 15.4 | 3.4 | 0.9 | [85,86,87,92,95,99,104,106] |
Syrian Arab Republic (2010–2020) | ND | 28.8 | 10.4 | 11.5 | 18.1 | NA | [88,92,99,104,106] |
Tunisia (2018–2020) | ND | 8.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 16.9 | NA | [89,92,99,104,106] |
United Arab Emirates (2019–2020) | 801 | 12.5 | NA | 7 | 5 | 3 | [16,124] |
Yemen (2013–2020) | 13,624 | 43.5 | 39 | 16.3 | 2.6 | NA | [91,92,93,99,104,106] |
tern Mediterranean Region | 476,928 | ||||||
Point Estimate | 20.3 | 13.1 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 3 | ||
Lower Limit | 4.6 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 0.9 | ||
Upper Limit | 46.8 | 39 | 21.5 | 23.7 | 6.5 |
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Ibrahim, C.; Bookari, K.; Sacre, Y.; Hanna-Wakim, L.; Hoteit, M. Breastfeeding Practices, Infant Formula Use, Complementary Feeding and Childhood Malnutrition: An Updated Overview of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4201. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194201
Ibrahim C, Bookari K, Sacre Y, Hanna-Wakim L, Hoteit M. Breastfeeding Practices, Infant Formula Use, Complementary Feeding and Childhood Malnutrition: An Updated Overview of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):4201. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194201
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Carla, Khlood Bookari, Yonna Sacre, Lara Hanna-Wakim, and Maha Hoteit. 2022. "Breastfeeding Practices, Infant Formula Use, Complementary Feeding and Childhood Malnutrition: An Updated Overview of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 4201. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194201