Assessment Strategies to Evaluate the Mediterranean Lifestyle: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Selection of Studies
2.4. Assessing the Methodological Quality of the Studies Included in the Review
2.5. Data Extraction
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
- MD adherence and its relationship with various LSs, in general, were measured. However, the MLS was not mentioned.
- MLS components and benefits were named but not evaluated.
- The Mediterranean population’s LS was measured, and the MD was included, but no reference was made to the MLS nor its components.
- A healthy LS was mentioned in general. In this case, all MLS components were named but were not described as such at any time. Instead, a healthy LS in the Mediterranean population was constantly referred to.
3.2. Characteristics of the Studies Included in the Review
3.3. Conceptual Suitability
3.4. Applicability
Author(s) | Year | Country | Type of Population | Sample Size | Gender | Age | Objective of the Study | Study Design | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | SD | Range | Median | ||||||||
Anastasiou et al. [23] | 2018 | Greece | Elderly population with dementia | n = 1716 | Men: n = 693 Women: n = 1023 | 72.9 | 6.1 | - | - | To investigate the relationship between cognitive function and LS, based on the MLS. | Cross-sectional study |
Baldini et al. [24] | 2009 | Italy | University students from two Mediterranean regions (Italy/Spain) | n = 210 | Men: n = 85 Women: n = 125 | - | - | 22–32 | - | To compare the MLS between young Spaniards and Italians in order to check which group has the best LS. | Cross-sectional study |
Bonaccio et al. [34] | 2022 | Italy | Elderly population | n =4400 | Men: n = 1863 Women: n = 2537 | - | - | 65–99 | - | To evaluate dietary changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. | Cross-sectional study |
Bouzas et al. [10] | 2020 | Spain | Patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome | n = 6355 | Men: n = 3268 Women: n = 3087 | - | - | 55–75 | - | To analyze the association between adherence to the MLS and weight loss. | Randomized controlled trial |
Bowden et al. [16] | 2021 | Australia | Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency | n = 99 | Men: n = 64 Women: n = 35 | 73.2 | 10.5 | - | - | To assess adherence to the MLS and its association with cardiometabolic markers and renal function in individuals with chronic renal failure who are not dependent on dialysis. | Cross-sectional study |
Georgousopoulou et al. [25] | 2017 | Greece | Elderly population in the Mediterranean Basin | n = 2749 | Men: n = 1369 Women: n = 1380 | - | - | 65–100 | - | To assess the cardiovascular effects of adherence to the MLS. | Cross-sectional study |
Georgoulis et al. [19] | 2020 | Greece | Overweight/obese population + obstructive sleep apnea | n = 187 Standard LS n = 65 MD n = 62 MLS n = 60 | Men: n = 141 Women: n = 46 | 49 | 10 | - | - | To compare patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea by performing one or more of these three programs for six months: follow-up of a standard LS, MD adherence, or MLS adherence (MIMOSA Study). | Randomized controlled trial |
Georgoulis et al. [20] | 2020 | Greece | Overweight/obese population + obstructive sleep apnea | n = 187 Standard LS n = 65 MD n = 62 MLS n = 60 | Men: n = 141 Women: n = 46 | 49 | 10 | - | - | To measure the efficacy of interventions in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea by implementing an MD or MLS adherence program (MIMOSA Study). | Randomized controlled trial |
Georgoulis et al. [21] | 2021 | Greece | Overweight/obese population + obstructive sleep apnea | n = 187 Standard LS n = 65 MD n = 62 MLS n = 60 | Men: n = 141 Women: n = 46 | 49 | 10 | - | - | To assess the efficacy of the MIMOSA program through MD or MLS adherence, and the prescription of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). | Randomized controlled trial |
Grosso et al. [26] | 2017 | Italy | General population | Proposal of 1500 participants | - | - | - | - | - | To provide data to increase knowledge about the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of age-related disorders in the Mediterranean region. | Cohort study |
Hershey et al. [11] | 2020 | Spain | Graduate students | n = 20,494 Divided into four groups, according to the degree of MLS adherence, from lowest to highest adhesion: Q1: n = 6390 Q2: n = 5783 Q3: n = 4820 Q4: n = 3501 | Men: n = 8008 Women: n = 12,486 Q1: Men: n = 2681 Women: n = 3709 Q2: Men: n = 2348 Women: n = 3435 Q3: Men: n = 1857 Women: n = 2963 Q4: Men: n = 1122 Women n = 2379 | Q1: 37.25 Q2: 37.79 Q3: 37.94 Q4: 37.76 | Q1: 12.46 Q2: 12.34 Q3: 12.34 Q4: 12.39 | - | - | To associate the relationship between MLS and the causes of mortality. | Cohort study |
Hershey et al. [17] | 2021 | US | US firefighters | n = 249 Divided into three groups according to MLS adherence, from lowest to highest adherence: T1: n = 90 T2: n = 99 T3: n = 60 | Men: n = 236 Women: n = 13 T1: Men: n = 88 Women: n = 2 T2: Men: n = 92 Women: n = 7 T3: Men: n = 56 Women: n = 4 | T1: 46.92 T2: 46.66 T3: 46.56 | T1: 6.98 T2: 7.57 T3: 8.08 | - | - | To associate the relationship between adherence to the MLS and metabolic syndrome in a non-Mediterranean population (US firefighters). | Cross-sectional study |
Hershey et al. [36] | 2021 | Spain/US | General population | n = 15,279 Q1: n = 4865 Q2: n = 4387 Q3: n = 3520 Q4: n = 2507 | Men: n = 6100 Women: n = 9179 Q1: Men: n = 1946 Women: n = 2919 Q2: Men: n = 1750 Women: n = 2637 Q3: Men: n = 1404 Women: n = 2116 Q4: Men: n = 1000 Women: n = 1507 | Q1: 37.0 Q2: 37.0 Q3: 37.0 Q4: 37.0 | Q1: 11.8 Q2: 11.5 Q3: 11.5 Q4: 11.7 | - | - | To associate the relationship between the Mediterranean Lifestyle and the risk of depression. | Cohort study |
Katsagoni et al. [28] | 2020 | Greece | Students aged 6 to 18 years | n = 174,209 Divided into three groups according to MLS adherence, from lowest to highest adherence: Low: n = 26,488 Average: n = 108,229 High: n = 39,492 | Men: n = 89,174 Women: n = 85,035 Low: Men: n = 13,668 Women: n = 12,820 Average: Men: n = 55,089 Women: n = 53,140 High: Men: n = 20,417 Women: n = 19,075 | - | - | - | Low: 11.8 Average: 11.2 High: 10.9 | To analyze the relationship between adherence to the MLS and obesity in children and adolescents. | Cross-sectional study |
Katsagoni et al. [27] | 2018 | Greece | Patients with fatty liver | n = 63 GC: n = 21 MDG MD: n = 21 MLG: n = 21 | Men: n = 43 Women: n = 20 GC: Men: n = 13 Women: n = 8 MDG: Men: n = 13 Women: n = 8 MLG: Men: n = 17 Women: n = 4 | - | - | - | GC: 47 MDG: 44 MLG: 48 | Intervention to improve the weight of patients with fatty liver. | Randomized controlled trial |
Lan et al. [12] | 2020 | USA | Active firefighters | n = 92 Divided into three groups according to MLS adherence, from lowest to highest adherence: Low: n = 10 Medium: n = 55 High: n = 27 | Men: n = 89 Women: n = 3 Low: Men: n = 10 Women: n = 0 Medium: Men: n = 53 Women: n = 2 High: Men: n = 26 Women: n = 1 | Low: 31.9 Medium: 27.6 High: 29.4 | Low: 8.2 Medium: 3.9 High: 5.5 | - | - | To analyze the relationship between adherence to the MLS and cardiovascular disease risk factors. | Cross-sectional study |
Marventano et al. [33] | 2017 | Italy | Patients randomly selected from the lists of a group of doctors | n = 1952 Divided into four groups according to MD adherence, from lowest to highest adherence: Q1: n = 471 Q2: n = 600 Q3: n = 606 Q4: n = 285 | Men: n = 813 Women: n = 1139 Q1: Men: n = 203 Women: n = 208 Q2: Men: n = 248 Women: n = 352 Q3: Men: n = 250 Women: n = 365 Q4: Men: n = 112 Women: n = 163 | Range <30: 11.5 Range 30–39: 11.6 Range 40–49: 12.1 Range 50–59: 12.1 Range 60–69: 12.6 Range >70: 12.1 | Range <30: 2.4 Range 30–39: 2.5 Range 40–49: 2.4 Range 50–59: 2.4 Range 60–69: 1.9 Range >70: 2.4 | <30 30–39 4–49 50–59 60–69 >70 | - | To evaluate the level of MD adherence and PA and its determinants in the Mediterranean healthy Eating, Aging, and Lifestyle (MEAL) study. | Cohort study |
Mata-Fernández et al. [13] | 2021 | Spain | University graduates | n = 18,419 Divided into three groups according to MEDLIFE score: Low: n = 2928 Average: n = 9548 High: n = 5943 | Men: n = 7267 Women: n = 11,152 Low: Men: n = 1232 Women: n = 1696 Medium: Men: n = 3976 Women: n = 5572 High: Men: n = 2059 Women: n = 3884 | Low: 36.9 Medium: 38.3 High: 38.3 | Low: 11.7 Medium: 12.2 High: 12.2 | - | - | To assess the relationship between adherence to the MLS and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. | Cohort study |
Pavicic-Žeželj et al. [15] | 2018 | Croatia | Workers in oil and gas companies | n = 366 | Men: n = 177 Women: n = 189 | 37.2 Range <30: 26.8 Range 30–39: 35.1 Range 40–49: 44.0 Range ≥50: 52.3 | 8.6 Range <30: 1.4 Range 30–39: 2.5 Range 40–49: 2.7 Range ≥50: 1.9 | <30 30–39 40–49 ≥50 | - | To use the MEDLIFE questionnaire to analyze adherence to the MLS and compare the results with risk factors for cardiovascular pathologies. | Randomized controlled trial |
Pérez-Ferre et al. [18] | 2015 | Spain | Pregnant women with gestational diabetes | n = 230 GC: n = 111 GI: n = 126 | Women: n = 260 | - | - | GC: 32–38 GI: 31–38 | - | To perform an intervention in the LS implementing the MLS, in order to prevent glucose alterations in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. | Randomized controlled trial |
Sánchez-Villegas et al. [22] | 2016 | Spain | University graduates | n = 11,800 | Percentages: MD: T1 Men: 40.1 Women: 59.1 MD: T3 Men: 43.1 Women: 56.9 PA: T1 Men: 33.6 Women: 66.4 PA: T3 Men: 48.1 Women: 51.9 S: T1 Men: 51.9 Women: 48.1 S: T3 Men: 29.2 Women: 70.8 | MD: T1: 34.3 MD: T3: 41.3 PA: T1: 36.8 PA: T3: 37.9 S: T1: 42.0 S: T3: 32.4 | MD: T1: 10.0 MD: T3: 10.9 PA: T1: 10.9 PA: T3: 12.0 S: T1: 10.8 S: T3: 10.6 | - | - | To analyze the relationship between depression and MLS, based on diet (MD), physical activity (PA), and socialization (S). | Cohort study |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [14] | 2021 | Spain | General population | n = 11,090 Divided into four groups according to MEDLIFE score, from lowest to highest: Q1: n = 3. 042 Q2: n = 3. 435 Q3: n = 2. 917 Q4: n = 1. 696 | Men: n = 5910 Women: n = 5181 Q1: Men: n = 1372 Women: n = 1670 Q2: Men: n = 1614 Women: n = 1821 Q3: Men: n = 1386 Women: n = 1531 Q4: Men: n = 807 Women: n = 889 | Q1: 47.8 Q2: 45.8 Q3: 45.9 Q4: 46.3 | Q1: 17.0 Q2: 16.1 Q3: 16.0 Q4: 15.0 | - | - | To evaluate the MLS and its relationship with the risk of suffering from cardiovascular diseases. | Cohort study |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [5] | 2014 | Spain | Workers at an automobile assembly plant | n = 988 | - | - | - | 40–55 | - | To design a questionnaire that measures MLS adherence. | Cohort study |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [35] | 2015 | Spain | Public school workers and family members involved in the school environment | n = 196 | Men: n = 30 Women: n = 166 | 41.4 | 9.2 | - | - | To study the reliability of the MEDLIFE questionnaire as a research tool. | Randomized controlled trial |
Toobert et al. [31] | 2005 | USA | Post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus | n = 279 GC: n = 116 GI: n = 163 | Women: n = 279 | 61 | - | 39–74 | - | To intervene in a population sample in which LS changes are implemented based on the MLS. | Randomized controlled trial |
Toobert et al. [32] | 2010 | USA | Post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus | n = 279 GC: n = 116 GI: n = 163 | Women: n = 279 | 61 | - | 39–74 | - | To examine the long-term effects of healthy behavioral changes following the implementation of the MLS program. | Randomized controlled trial |
3.5. Components of the Mediterranean Lifestyle Evaluated in Each Study
3.6. Evaluation Strategies Used to Analyze MLS Components
Author(s) | Mediterranean Lifestyle Components | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediterranean Diet | Hydration | Use of Seasonal/Locally Grown Products | Participation in Food Preparation | Physical Activity | Socialization | Rest (Naps) | Sleep (h/Night) | |
Anastasiou et al. [23] | MedDiet Score [37] | - | - | - | Athens Physical Activity Questionnaire (APAQ) [38] | - | - | Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale [39] Sleep Index II [40] |
Baldini et al. [24] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MedDiet Score [37] | - | - | - | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [42] | - | - | - |
Bonaccio et al. [34] | MedCOVID-19 [34] | - | MedCOVID-19 [34] | - | MedCOVID-19 [34] | - | - | - |
Bouzas et al. [10] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MedDiet Score [37] | - | - | - | Nurses’ Health Study [43] Minnesota-REGICOR [44,45] | - | - | - |
Bowden et al. [16] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | - | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] |
Georgousopoulou et al. [25] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MedDiet Score [37] | - | - | - | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [42] | Short ad hoc self-reported questions | Ad hoc dichotomous questions | - |
Georgoulis et al. [19] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MedDiet Score [37] | - | - | - | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [42] | - | - | Short ad hoc self-reported questions |
Georgoulis et al. [20] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MedDiet Score [37] | - | - | - | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [42] | - | - | Short ad hoc self-reported questions |
Georgoulis et al. [21] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MedDiet Score | - | - | - | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [42] | - | - | Short ad hoc self-reported questions |
Grosso et al. [26] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] | - | - | - | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [42] | Short ad hoc self-reported question | - | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PAQI) [46] |
Hershey et al. [11] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | - | - | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] |
Hershey et al. [17] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | - | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] |
Hershey et al. [36] | FFQ-136 [41] MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] Nurses’ Health Study [43] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | |
Katsagoni et al. [28] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MedDiet Score [37] | - | - | - | Athens Physical Activity Questionnaire (APAQ) [38] | - | Ad hoc dichotomous question | Short ad hoc self-reported question Athens Insomnia Scale [47] |
Katsagoni et al. [27] | KIDMED (included in the MEDiLIFE-index questionnaire) [48] | - | - | - | Short ad hoc self-reported question | - | - | Short ad hoc self-reported question |
Lan et al. [12] | PREDIMED [49] | - | - | - | Short self-reported questions (h/week), based on the Metabolic Equivalent Activity Index (MET) | - | Ad hoc dichotomous question | Ad hoc dichotomous question |
Marventano et al. [33] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] | - | - | - | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [42] | - | - | - |
Mata-Fernández et al. [13] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | - | - | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] |
Pavicic-Žeželj et al. [15] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | - | - | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [42] MEDLIFE [35] | Short ad hoc self-reported question MEDLIFE [35] | Short ad hoc self-reported question MEDLIFE [35] | Short ad hoc self-reported question MEDLIFE [35] |
Pérez-Ferre et al. [18] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] | - | - | - | Three questions taken from the “Lifestyle questionnaire” [50] | - | - | - |
Sánchez-Villegas et al. [22] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] | - | - | - | Short self-reported questionnaire of a total of 17 activities (h/week), based on the Metabolic Equivalent Activity Index (MET) | Short ad hoc self-reported question | - | - |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [14] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | - | - | Nurses’ Health Study [43] Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) physical activity questionnaires [51,52] MEDLIFE [35] | Short ad hoc self-reported question MEDLIFE [35] | Short ad hoc self-reported question MEDLIFE [35] | Short ad hoc self-reported question MEDLIFE [35] |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [5] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | - | Nurses’ Health Study [43] Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) physical activity questionnaires [51,52] MEDLIFE [35] | Short ad hoc self-reported question MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | Short ad hoc self-reported question MEDLIFE [35] |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | - | - | Validated European Prospective EPIC Cohort Questionnaire [53] MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] | MEDLIFE [35] |
Toobert et al. [31] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] | - | - | - | CHAMBS [54] | UCLA Social Support Inventory [55] | - | - |
Toobert et al. [32] | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ/FFQ-143/FFQ-136/FFQ-76) [41] | - | - | - | CHAMBS [54] | Short ad hoc self-reported question UCLA Social Support Inventory [55] | - | - |
3.7. Indices for the Assessment of MLS
- Score +1 point for the increased intake of foods that should be consumed more frequently (i.e., fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals, fish, and olive oil), −1 point if their intake decreased, and 0 points if it remained the same.
- Score +1 point for the lowest self-reported intake of foods that should be consumed less frequently (i.e., meats, dairy products), −1 point for the highest intake, and 0 points if it remained the same.
- Score -1 point if the consumption of alcoholic beverages increased, +1 point if it decreased, and 0 points if it remained the same.
- Score +1 point for all dietary changes in behaviors related to the Mediterranean Lifestyle, i.e., (a) increased consumption of local and (b) ecological food; (c) increased physical activity; (d) decreased intake of home delivery food; and (e) decreased consumption of pre-cooked foods: −1 point for changes in undesired behaviors, and 0 points if they remained the same.
- Block 1 (Mediterranean food consumption):
- The item relating to the consumption of processed meats was eliminated.
- The item relating to the consumption of nuts and olives was changed to the consumption of nuts.
- The item relating to the consumption of herbs, spices, and garnishes was eliminated.
- Block 2 (Mediterranean dietary habits):
- The item relating to the consumption of wine was changed to the consumption of wine or other common alcoholic beverages.
- The item “limit nibbling between meals” was removed.
- The item “consumption of local, seasonal, or organic products” was added.
- Block 3 (PA, rest, social habits, and conviviality):
- The items “going out with friends” and “practice team sports” were eliminated.
- The item “time spent eating” was added.
3.8. Statistical Analysis Conducted to Create a Mediterranean Lifestyle Score in the Studies Included in the Review
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Juanes, R.G.; Roca, M.; Gili, M.; Campayo, J.G.; Toro, M.G. Estilo de vida saludable: Un factor de protección minusvalorado frente a la depresión. Psiquiatr. Biol. 2017, 24, 97–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Diolintzi, A.; Panagiotakos, D.B.; Sidossis, L.S. From Mediterranean diet to Mediterranean lifestyle: A narrative review. Public Health Nutr. 2019, 22, 2703–2713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lema-Soto, L.F.; Salazar-Torres, I.C.; Varela-Arévalo, M.T.; Tamayo-Cardona, J.A.; Rubio-Sarria, A.; Botero-Polanco, A. Comportamiento y salud de los jóvenes universitarios: Satisfacción con el estilo de vida. Pensam. Psicológico 2009, 5, 71–88. [Google Scholar]
- Yannakoulia, M.; Kontogianni, M.; Scarmeas, N. Cognitive health and Mediterranean Diet: Just diet or lifestyle pattern? Ageing Res. Rev. 2015, 20, 74–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sotos-Prieto, M.; Moreno-Franco, B.; Ordovás, J.M.; León, M.; Casasnovas, J.A.; Peñalvo, J.L. Design and development of an instrument to measure overall lifestyle habits for epidemiological research: The Mediterranean Lifestyle (MEDLIFE) index. Public Health Nutr. 2014, 18, 959–967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Balzo, V.; Diolordi, L.; Pinto, A.; Giusti, A.M.; Vitiello, V.; Cannella, C.; Dernini, S.; Donini, L.M.; Berry, E.M. Mediterranean diet pyramids: Towards the Italian model. Ann. Ig 2012, 24, 443–447. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Trichopoulou, A.; Vasilopoulou, E. Mediterranean Diet. In Encyclopedia of Food and Health; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2016; pp. 711–714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellisle, F. Infrequently asked questions about the Mediterranean diet. Public Health Nutr. 2009, 12, 1644–1647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Warburton, D.; Bredin, S. Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2017, 32, 541–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouzas, C.; Bibiloni, M.D.M.; Julibert, A.; Ruiz-Canela, M.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Corella, D.; Zomeño, M.D.; Romaguera, D.; Vioque, J.; Alonso-Gómez, Á.M.; et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean Lifestyle and Desired Body Weight Loss in a Mediterranean Adult Population with Overweight: A PREDIMED-Plus Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hershey, M.S.; Montero, A.F.; Prieto, M.S.; Kales, S.; Gea, A.; Estigarribia, L.R.; Villegas, A.S.; Gutiérrez, J.D.; González, M.A.M.; Canela, M.R. The Association between the Mediterranean Lifestyle Index and All-Cause Mortality in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Cohort. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2020, 59, e239–e248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lan, F.-Y.; Fernandez-Montero, A.; Yiannakou, I.; Marinos-Iatrides, O.; Ankeny, J.T.; Kiser, J.; Christophi, C.A.; Christiani, D.C.; Sotos-Prieto, M.; Kales, S.N. A Mediterranean Lifestyle Is Associated with Lower Hypertension Prevalence and Better Aerobic Capacity among New England Firefighter Recruits. Occup. Environ. Med. 2020, 62, 466–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mata-Fernández, A.; Hershey, M.S.; Pastrana-Delgado, J.C.; Sotos-Prieto, M.; Ruiz-Canela, M.; Martínez-González, M.A.; Fernandez-Montero, A. A Mediterranean Lifestyle Reduces the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) Cohort. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2021, 31, 1728–1737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sotos-Prieto, M.; Ortolá, R.; Ruiz-Canela, M.; Garcia-Esquinas, E.; Gómez, D.M.; Lopez-Garcia, E.; Martínez-González, M.Á.; Rodriguez-Artalejo, F. Association between the Mediterranean lifestyle, metabolic syndrome and mortality: A whole-country cohort in Spain. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2021, 20, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pavicic-Žeželj, S.; Kenđel-Jovanovic, G.; Dragaš-Zubalj, N.; Micovic, V.; Željko, S. Associations between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle Assessed with the MEDLIFE Index among the Working Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bowden, K.; Gray, N.A.; Swanepoel, E.; Wright, H.H. A Mediterranean lifestyle is associated with favourable cardiometabolic markers in people with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease. J. Nutr. Sci. 2021, 10, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hershey, M.S.; Prieto, M.S.; Canela, M.R.; Christophi, C.A.; Moffatt, S.; González, M.Á.M.; Kales, S.N. The Mediterranean lifestyle (MEDLIFE) index and metabolic syndrome in a non-Mediterranean working population. Clin. Nutr. 2021, 40, 2494–2503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Ferre, N.; Del Valle, L.; Torrejón, M.J.; Barca, I.; Calvo, M.I.; Rubio, M.A.; Calle-Pascual, A.L. Diabetes mellitus and abnormal glucose tolerance development after gestational diabetes: A three-year, prospective, randomized, clinical- based, Mediterranean lifestyle interventional study with parallel groups. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 34, 579–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Georgoulis, M.; Yiannakouris, N.; Kechribari, I.; Lamprou, K.; Perraki, E.; Vagiakis, E.; Kontogianni, M.D. Cardiometabolic Benefits of a Weight-Loss Mediterranean Diet/Lifestyle Intervention in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The “MIMOSA” Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Georgoulis, M.; Yiannakouris, N.; Kechribari, I.; Lamprou, K.; Perraki, E.; Vagiakis, E.; Kontogianni, M.D. The effectiveness of a weight-loss Mediterranean diet/lifestyle intervention in the management of obstructive sleep apnea: Results of the “MIMOSA” randomized clinical trial. Clin. Nutr. 2020, 40, 850–859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Georgoulis, M.; Yiannakouris, N.; Tenta, R.; Fragopoulou, E.; Kechribari, I.; Lamprou, K.; Perraki, E.; Vagiakis, E.; Kontogianni, M.D. A weight-loss Mediterranean diet/lifestyle intervention ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Results of the “MIMOSA” randomized clinical trial. Eur. J. Nutr. 2021, 60, 3799–3810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Villegas, A.; Ruíz-Canela, M.; Gea, A.; Lahortiga, F.; Martínez-González, M.A. The Association between the Mediterranean Lifestyle and Depression. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2016, 4, 1085–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anastasiou, C.A.; Yannakoulia, M.; Kontogianni, M.D.; Kosmidis, M.H.; Mamalaki, E.; Dardiotis, E.; Hadjigeorgiou, G.; Sakka, P.; Tsapanou, A.; Lykou, A.; et al. Mediterranean Lifestyle in Relation to Cognitive Health: Results from the HELIAD Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Baldini, M.; Pasqui, F.; Bordoni, A.; Maranesi, M. Is the Mediterranean lifestyle still a reality? Evaluation of food consumption and energy expenditure in Italian and Spanish university students. Public Health Nutr. 2008, 12, 148–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Georgousopoulou, E.N.; Mellor, D.D.; Naumovski, N.; Polychronopoulos, E.; Tyrovolas, S.; Piscopo, S.; Valacchi, G.; Anastasiou, F.; Zeimbekis, A.; Bountziouka, V.; et al. Mediterranean lifestyle and cardiovascular disease prevention. Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther. 2017, 7, S39–S47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grosso, G.; Marventano, M.; D’Urso, M.; Mistretta, A.; Galvano, F. The Mediterranean healthy eating, ageing, and lifestyle (MEAL) study: Rationale and study design. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2017, 68, 577–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katsagoni, C.N.; Papatheodoridis, G.V.; Ioannidou, P.; Deutsch, M.; Alexopoulou, A.; Papadopoulos, N.; Papageorgiou, M.-V.; Fragopoulou, E.; Kontogianni, M.D. Improvements in clinical characteristics of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, after an intervention based on the Mediterranean lifestyle: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2018, 120, 164–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katsagoni, C.N.; Psarra, G.; Georgoulis, M.; Tambalis, K.; Panagiotakos, D.B.; Sidossisa, L.S. High and moderate adherence to Mediterranean lifestyle is inversely associated with overweight, general and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents: The MediLIFE-index. Nutr. Res. 2020, 73, 38–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G.; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Int. J. Surg. 2010, 8, 336–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Munn, Z.; Aromataris, E.; Tufanaru, C.; Stern, C.; Porritt, K.; Farrow, J.; Lockwood, C.; Stephenson, M.; Moola, S.; Lizarondo, L.; et al. The development of software to support multiple systematic review types: The Joanna Briggs Institute System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information (JBI SUMARI). Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc. 2019, 17, 36–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toobert, D.J.; Strycker, L.A.; Glasgow, R.E.; Barrera, M.; Angell, K. Effects of the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program on Multiple Risk Behaviors and Psychosocial Outcomes among Women at Risk for Heart Disease. Ann. Behav. Med. 2005, 29, 128–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toobert, D.J.; Strycker, L.A.; Barrera, M.; Glasgow, R.E. Seven-Year Follow-Up of a Multiple-Health-Behavior Diabetes Intervention–HMC. Am. J. Health Behav. 2010, 34, 680–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marventano, S.; Godos, J.; Platania, A.; Galvano, F.; Mistretta, A.; Grosso, G. Mediterranean diet adherence in the Mediterranean healthy eating, aging and lifestyle (MEAL) study cohort. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2017, 69, 100–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bonaccio, M.; Gianfagna, F.; Stival, C.; Amerio, A.; Bosetti, C.; d’Oro, L.C.; Odone, A.; Stuckler, D.; Zucchi, A.; Gallus, S.; et al. Changes in a Mediterranean lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic among elderly Italians: An analysis of gender and socioeconomic inequalities in the “LOST in Lombardia” study. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2022, 73, 683–692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sotos-Prieto, M.; Santos-Beneit, G.; Bodega, P.; Pocock, S.; Mattei, J.; Peñalvo, J.L. Validation of a questionnaire to measure overall Mediterranean lifestyle habits for research application: The MEDiterranean LIFEstyle index (MEDLIFE). Nutr. Hosp. 2015, 32, 1153–1163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hershey, M.S.; Sanchez-Villegas, A.; Sotos-Prieto, M.; Fernandez-Montero, A.; Pano, O.; Lahortiga-Ramos, F.; Martínez-González, M.Á.; Ruiz-Canela, M. The Mediterranean Lifestyle and the Risk of Depression in Middle-Aged Adults. J. Nutr. 2022, 152, 227–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Panagiotakos, D.B.; Pitsavos, C.; Stefanadis, C. Dietary patterns: A Mediterranean diet score and its relation to clinical and biological markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2006, 16, 559–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kavourasa, S.A.; Maraki, M.I.; Kollia, M.; Fernandez-Montero, A.; Jansen, L.; Sidossis, L.S. Development, reliability and validity of a physical activity questionnaire for estimating energy expenditure in Greek adults. Sci. Sport. 2016, 31, e47–e53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hays, R.D.; Martin, S.A.; Sesti, A.M.; Spritzer, K.L. Psychometric properties of the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep measure. Sleep Med. 2005, 6, 41–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hays, R.D.; Sherbourne, C.D.; Mazel, R. User’s Manual for the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Core Measures of Health-Related Quality of Life; Rand Corporation: Santa Mónica, CA, USA, 1995; ISBN 0-8330-1590-7. [Google Scholar]
- Martin-Moreno, J.M.; Boyle, P.; Gorgojo, L.; Maisonneuve, P.; Fernandez-Rodriguez, J.C.; Willett, W.C. Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire in Spain. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1993, 22, 512–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Craig, C.L.; Marshall, A.L.; Sjostrom, M.; Bauman, A.E.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Pratt, M.; Ekelund, U.; Yngve, A.; Sallis, J.F.; Oja, P. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2003, 35, 1381–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-González, M.A.; López-Fontana, C.; Varo, J.J.; Sánchez-Villegas, A.; Martinez, J.A. Validation of the Spanish version of the physical activity questionnaire used in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study. Public Health Nutr. 2005, 8, 920–927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elosua, R.; Marrugat, J.; Molina, L.; Pons, S.; Pujol, E. Validation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire in Spanish men. The MARATHOM Investigators. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994, 139, 1197–1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elosua, R.; Garcia, M.; Aguilar, A.; Molina, L.; Covas, M.I.; Marrugat, J. Validation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire in Spanish Women. Investigators of the MARATDON Group. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2000, 32, 1421–1437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buysse, D.J.; Reynolds, C.F.; Monk, T.H.; Berman, S.R.; Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989, 28, 193–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soldatos, C.R.; Dikeos, D.G.; Paparrigopoulos, T.J. The diagnostic validity of the Athens Insomnia Scale. J. Psychosom. Res. 2003, 55, 263–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serra-Majem, L.; Ribas, L.; Ngo, J.; Ortega, R.; García, A.; Pérez-Rodrigo, C.; Aranceta, J. Food, youth and the Mediterranean diet in Spain. Development of KIDMED, Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in children and adolescents. Public Health Nutr. 2004, 7, 931–935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schröder, H.; Fitó, M.; Estruch, R.; Martínez-González, M.A.; Corella, D.; Salvadó, J.S.; Raventós, R.L.; Ros, E.; Salaverría, I.; Fiol, M.; et al. A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women. J. Nutr. 2011, 141, 1140–1145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Durán, A.; Martín, P.; Runkle, I.; Pérez, N.; Abad, R.; Fernández, M.; Del Valle, L.; Sanz, M.F.; Calle-Pascual, A.L. Benefits of self-monitoring blood glucose in the management of new-onset Type 2 diabetes mellitus: The St Carlos Study, a prospective randomized clinic-based interventional study with parallel groups. J. Diabetes 2010, 2, 203–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taber, S.C.; Rimm, E.; Stampfer, M.; Spiegelman, D.; Colditz, G.A.; Giovannucci, E.; Ascherio, A.; Willett, W.C. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1996, 7, 81–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolf, A.M.; Hunter, D.J.; Colditz, G.A.; Manson, J.E.; Stampfer, M.J.; Corsano, K.A.; Rosner, B.; Kriska, A.; Willett, W.C. Reproducibility and Validity of a Self-Administered Physical Activity Questionnaire. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1994, 23, 991–999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wareham, N.J.; Jakes, R.W.; Rennie, K.L.; Schuit, J.; Mitchell, J.; Hennings, S.; Day, N.E. Validity and repeatability of a simple index derived from the short physical activity questionnaire used in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study. Public Health Nutr. 2003, 6, 407–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stewart, A.L.; Verboncoeur, C.J.; McLellan, B.Y.; Gillis, D.E.; Rush, S.; Mills, K.M.; King, A.C.; Ritter, P.; Brown, B.W., Jr.; Bortz, W.M. Physical Activity Outcomes of CHAMPS II: A Physical Activity Promotion Program for Older Adults. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001, 56, M465–M470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schwarzer, R.; Dunkel-Schetter, C.; Kemeny, M. The multidimensional nature of received social support in gay men at risk of HIV infection and AIDS. Am. J. Community Psychol. 1994, 22, 319–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benítez-Arciniega, A.A.; Mendez, M.A.; Baena-Díez, J.M.; Martori, M.-A.R.; Soler, C.; Marrugat, J.; Covas, M.-I.; Sanz, H.; Llopis, A.; Schröder, H. Concurrent and construct validity of Mediterranean diet scores as assessed by an FFQ. Public Health Nutr. 2011, 14, 2015–2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, D.L.; Gillaspy, J.A.; Purc-Stephenson, R. Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations. Psychol. Methods 2009, 14, 6–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muñiz, J.; Fonseca-Pedrero, E. Construcción de instrumentos de medida para la evaluación universitaria. Rev. Investig. Educ. 2009, 5, 13–25. [Google Scholar]
- Muñiz, J.; Fonseca-Pedrero, E. Diez pasos para la construcción de un test. Psicothema 2019, 31, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muñiz, J.; Bartram, D. Improving International Tests and Testing. Eur. Psychol. 2007, 12, 206–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Downing, S.M. Twelve Steps for Effective Test Development. In Handbook of Test Development; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 2006; pp. 3–25. ISBN 978-0-8058-5264-6. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, G.T. On construct validity: Issues of method and measurement. Psychol. Assess. 2005, 17, 396–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Search Strategy |
---|
1. Mediterranean AND lifestyle (Title/Abstract/keyword) |
2. “Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) |
3.“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Questionnaire (Title/Abstract/keyword) |
4.“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Review (Title/Abstract/keyword) |
5.“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Index (Title/Abstract/keyword) |
6.“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Evaluation (Title/Abstract/keyword) |
7.“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Assessment (Title/Abstract/keyword) |
PubMed | Scopus | Web of Science | Science Direct | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediterranean AND lifestyle (Title/Abstract/keyword) | 1654 | 3536 | 2240 | 517 | |
“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) | 71 | 89 | 82 | 25 | |
“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Questionnaire (Title/Abstract/keyword) | 10 | 18 | 10 | 0 | |
“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Review (Title/Abstract/keyword) | 10 | 17 | 11 | 1 | |
“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Index (Title/Abstract/keyword) | 24 | 27 | 22 | 8 | |
“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Evaluation (Title/Abstract/keyword) | 5 | 8 | 4 | 5 | |
“Mediterranean lifestyle” (Title/Abstract/keyword) AND Assessment (Title/Abstract/keyword) | 5 | 22 | 4 | 1 | |
Total | 1772 | 3717 | 2373 | 557 | 8419 |
Total without duplicates | 4707 |
Author(s) | Mediterranean Lifestyle Components | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediterranean Diet | Hydration | Use of Seasonal/Locally Grown Products | Participation in Food Preparation | Physical Activity | Socialization | Rest (Napping) | Sleep (h/Night) | |
Anastasiou et al. [23] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | + |
Baldini et al. [24] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Bonaccio et al. [34] | + | - | + | - | + | - | - | - |
Bouzas et al. [10] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Bowden et al. [16] | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
Georgousopoulou et al. [25] | + | - | - | - | + | + | + | - |
Georgoulis et al. [19] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | + |
Georgoulis et al. [20] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | + |
Georgoulis et al. [21] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | + |
Grosso et al. [26] | + | - | - | - | + | + | - | + |
Hershey et al. [11] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Hershey et al. [17] | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
Hershey et al. [36] | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
Katsagoni et al. [28] | + | - | - | - | + | - | + | + |
Katsagoni et al. [27] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | + |
Lan et al. [12] | + | - | - | - | + | - | + | + |
Marventano et al. [33] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Mata-Fernández et al. [13] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Pavicic-Žeželj et al. [15] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Pérez-Ferre et al. [18] | + | - | - | - | + | - | - | - |
Sánchez-Villegas et al. [22] | + | - | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [14] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [5] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [35] | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Toobert et al. [31] | + | - | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Toobert et al. [32] | + | - | - | - | + | + | - | - |
Authors | MLS Index/Questionnaire | Psychometric Analysis | Global MLS Component |
---|---|---|---|
Anastasiou et al. [23] | TLI: Total Lifestyle Index | - | The total score is calculated by adding up the scores of the index’s dimensions distributed into different quartiles. The global MLS score ranges from 0 to 12. |
Katsagoni et al. [28] | MEDiLIFE-index. | Principal Component Analysis (PCA) > 0.3 Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) = 0.5 | The total score is calculated by adding up the scores of the index’s dimensions. Each dimension is evaluated by a 3-point rating scale (0-1-2) The global MLS score ranges from 0 to 8. |
Lan et al. [12] | MEDI-Lifestyle | - | The total score is calculated by adding up the scores of the index’s dimensions. Each dimension is categorized dichotomously (0-1). The global MLS score ranges from 0 to 7. |
Bonaccio et al. [34] | MedCOVID-19 Score | Reliability: Internal consistency Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.83 | The global score is obtained by adding up all the dimensions’ scores. The dimensions are scored from −1 to +1. This total MLS score ranges from −14 to 14. |
Sotos-Prieto et al. [5,35] | MEDLIFE | Convergent validity: | The total score is calculated by adding up the scores of all the items. Each item was scored dichotomously (0-1). The total MLS score ranges from 0 to 28. |
| |||
Reliability: | |||
|
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Montero-Sandiego, E.; Ferrer-Cascales, R.; Ruiz-Robledillo, N.; Costa-López, B.; Alcocer-Bruno, C.; Albaladejo-Blázquez, N. Assessment Strategies to Evaluate the Mediterranean Lifestyle: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4179. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194179
Montero-Sandiego E, Ferrer-Cascales R, Ruiz-Robledillo N, Costa-López B, Alcocer-Bruno C, Albaladejo-Blázquez N. Assessment Strategies to Evaluate the Mediterranean Lifestyle: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):4179. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194179
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontero-Sandiego, Elisabet, Rosario Ferrer-Cascales, Nicolás Ruiz-Robledillo, Borja Costa-López, Cristian Alcocer-Bruno, and Natalia Albaladejo-Blázquez. 2022. "Assessment Strategies to Evaluate the Mediterranean Lifestyle: A Systematic Review" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 4179. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194179