Commercial Complementary Food in Germany: A 2020 Market Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Menus: declared as “baby menus” (for age group 5 to 7 months) and “junior menus” (for age group 8 to 12 months), composed of vegetables, starchy food (e.g., potatoes), some products with meat or fish, some products with added oil and/or fruit as ingredients, including soups and stews, offered in jars;
- Milk–cereal–meal: declared as “milk porridge“, “porridge“, “good evening porridge“, “good night porridge“, composed of milk and cereals, some products combined with fruit, offered as ready-to-eat meal in jars, bottles (drink meals), or instant products for the preparation with water;
- Fruit–cereal–meal: composed of fruit and cereals, often declared as “muesli“, offered in jars
- Oil: oils intended to prepare infant foods (“Beikostöl”);
- Vegetables: Pureed vegetables in jars, in part mixed with starchy food (e.g., potatoes or cereals), and oil
- Meat: pureed meat, in part with starchy foods and/or oil, offered in jars;
- Fish: pureed fish, in part with potatoes, offered in jars;
- Fruits: pureed fruits, in part mixed with dairy (e.g., yoghurt), cereals, or vegetables, offered in jars;
- Cereals: flakes or popped cereals, in part mixed with dried fruit pieces, offered as instant products
- Snack foods: biscuits, waffles, rusk, or bars;
- Pouches: pureed fruit partly mixed with vegetables, cereals, or dairy, offered in compressed plastic bags with a spout and a screw cap, from which the contents can be sucked out;
- Desserts: declared as desserts or pudding, offered in jars;
- Beverages: juices from fruit or vegetables, in part mixed with water or tea, teas, offered as instant products, tea bags, or ready-to-drink products in bottles
3. Results
3.1. CCF Products
3.2. Declared Energy and Nutrient Contents
3.3. Fortification
3.4. Ingredients
4. Discussion
4.1. Products
4.2. Energy and Nutrient Content
4.3. Fortification
4.4. Ingredients
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
4.6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product Category | Total | After 4th Month/ from the Age of 5 Months | After 6th/7th Month | After 8th/9th Month | After 10th/12th Month |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) 1 | n (%) 2 | n (%) 2 | n (%) 2 | n (%) 2 | |
Full meals (n = 328) | Data | Data | Data | Data | Data |
Menus | 180 (21.7) | 38 (21.1) | 21 (11.7) | 65 (36.1) | 56 (31.1) |
Milk–Cereal–Meals | 85 (10.3) | 25 (29.4) | 41 (48.2) | 10 (11.8) | 9 (10.6) |
Cereal–Fruit–Meals | 63 (7.6) | 19 (30.2) | 28 (44.4) | 11 (17.5) | 5 (7.9) |
Meal components (n = 288) | |||||
Fruit | 137 (16.5) | 93 (78.9) | 22 (16.1) | 6 (4.4) | 16 (11.7) |
Cereals | 68 (8.2) | 38 (55.9) | 20 (29.4) | 4 (5.9) | 6 (8.8) |
Vegetables | 63 (7.6) | 53 (84.1) | 10 (15.9) | - | - |
Meat | 12 (1.4) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | - | - |
Fish | 2 (0.2) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | ||
Oil | 6 (0.7) | 6 (100) | - | - | - |
Snacks (n = 159) | |||||
Pouches | 111 (13.4) | 12 (10.8) | 78 (70.3) | 14 (12.6) | 7 (6.3) |
Snack foods | 43 (5.2) | - | 8 (18.6) | 32 (74.4) | 3 (7.0) |
Desserts | 5 (0.6) | - | 1 (20.0) | - | 4 (80.0) |
Beverages (n = 54) | |||||
Tea, water, juices | 54 (6.5) | 45 (83.3) | 6 (11.1) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.7) |
Total | 829 (100) | 340 (41.0) | 238 (28.7) | 143 (17.3) | 108 (13.0) |
Product Category (n) | Energy (kcal) | Protein (g) | Fat (g) | SFA (g) | Carbohydrates (g) | Total Sugar (g) | Salt (mg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infants | |||||||
Full meals | |||||||
Menus (n = 180) | 66 (61;70) | 2.5 (22.2; 2.8) | 2.4 (1.9; 2.8) | 0.5 (0.4; 0.7) | 7.7 (7.0; 8.7) | 2.1 (1.6; 2.5) | 0.08 (0.05; 0.03) |
Milk–cereal–meals (n = 85) | 92 (76;103) | 3.0 (2.6; 3.5) | 2.5 (2.2; 2.9) | 0.9 (0.7; 1.1) | 14.0 (11.0; 16.1) | 6.3 (4.8; 7.3) | 0.08 (0.07; 0.09) |
Fruit–cereal–meals (n = 63) | 66 (60; 72) | 1.0 (0.8; 1.1) | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.2) | 13.6 (11.9; 15.0) | 9.6 (7.6; 10.8) | 0.03 (0.01; 0.05) |
Meal components | |||||||
Fruits (n = 137) | 57 (52; 62) | 0.5 (0.4; 0.7) | 0.2 (0.1; 0.5) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.2) | 11.8 (11.1; 13.0) | 10.1 (9.1; 10.8) | 0.05 (0.01; 0.05) |
Cereals 2 (n = 68) | 376 (363; 388) | 11.0 (9.3; 12.5) | 3.2 (2.1; 4.5) | 0.7 (0.5; 0.9) | 70.0 (6.9; 78.1) | 1.5 (0.8; 5.7) | 0.01 (0.01; 0.03) |
Vegetables (n = 63) | 41 (31; 54) | 0.9 (0.7; 1.2) | 1.2 (0.2; 1.8) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.2) | 6.5 (5.0; 7.5) | 2.6 (2.0; 3.8) | 0.05 (0.02; 0.08) |
Meat (n = 12) | 102 (90; 108) | 8.1 (7.8; 8.9) | 4.6 (3.1; 5.8) | 1.7 (1.0; 2.1) | 6.0 (4.7; 6.4) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.2) | 0.07 (0.04; 0.08) |
Snacks and beverages | |||||||
Pouches (n = 111) | 63 (54; 72) | 0.8 (0.6; 1.1) | 0.5 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.1 (0.1; 0.2) | 12.0 (11.0; 14.0) | 9.9 (8.1; 12.0) | 0.01 (0.01; 0.05) |
Snack foods (n = 43) | 390 (370; 429) | 8.0 (6.9; 10.0) | 4.4 (0.9; 11.0) | 0.8 (0.2; 1.5) | 76.0 (70.0; 82.0) | 7.5 (2.7; 13.0) | 0.03 (0.01; 0.05) |
Desserts (n = 5) | 84 (82; 84) | 3.5 (3.0; 3.6) | 2.7 (1.7; 3.1) | 1.2 (1.1; 1.7) | 12.4 (11.8; 13.1) | 8.4 (8.4; 8.6) | 0.13 (0.10; 0.13) |
Beverages 3 (n = 44) | 30 (20; 47) | 0.2 (0.0; 0.5) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.2) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 6.5 (4.8; 10.9) | 6.2 (4.4; 9.8) | 0.05 (0.01; 0.05) |
Toddler | |||||||
Menus (n = 40) | 70 (67; 75) | 2.6 (2.5; 2.9) | 2.4 (2.3; 2.6) | 0.5 (0.4; 0.8) | 8.8 (8.2; 9.8) | 1.6 (1.4; 1.9) | 0.43 (0.36; 0.48) |
Cereals (n = 12) | 370 (35; 377) | 11.1 (10.5; 12.2) | 5.6 (3.8; 5.9) | 1.0 (0.7; 1.2) | 63.1 (90.7; 67.7) | 8.5 (6.3; 10.8) | 0.01 (0.01; 0.05) |
Pouches (n = 60) | 59 (55; 64) | 0.6 (0.4; 0.8) | 0.4 (0.2; 0.5) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.2) | 12.0 (11.3; 12.9) | 10.8 (10.1; 11.5) | 0.05 (0.01; 0.05) |
Snack foods (n = 77) | 383 (366; 416) | 5.7 (4.4; 7.6) | 8.6 (6.6; 13.7) | 2.0 (0.9; 3.6) | 69.0 (64.8; 72.0) | 28.8 (12.1; 41.0) | 0.05 (0.03; 0.15) |
Desserts (n = 6) | 84 (82; 90) | 3.2 (3.1; 3.6) | 2.3 (1.7; 3.3) | 1.7 (1.2; 2.2) | 12.4 (11.7; 13.3) | 8.4 (7.4; 8.6) | 0.12 (0.08; 0.15) |
Beverages 3 (n = 25) | 18 (16; 21) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.1) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.1) | 0.0 (0.0; 0.0) | 3.8 (3.5; 4.5) | 3.5 (3.1; 4.2) | 0.05 (0.05; 0.05) |
Product Category (n) | Total n (%) | Vitamin B1 n (%) | Vitamin C n (%) | Iron n (%) | Calcium n (%) | Vitamin D n (%) | Iodine n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infants (829) | 264 (31.9) | 185 (22.3) | 91 (11.0) | 63 (7.6) | 61 (7.4) | 59 (7.1) | 32 (3.9) |
Menus (180) | 22 (12.2) | - | - | 22 (12.2) | - | - | - |
Milk–cereal–meal (85) | 79 (92.9) | 77 (90.6) | 33 (38.8) | 36 (42.4) | 57 (67.1) | 57 (67.1) | 32 (37.7) |
Cereal fruit meal (63) | 11 (17.5) | 7 (11.1) | 5 (7.9) | - | - | - | - |
Fruits (137) | 25 (18.3) | 4 (2.9) | 22 (16.1) | - | 4 (2.9) | - | - |
Cereals (68) | 68 (100.0) | 68 (100.0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | - | 1 (1.5) | - |
Vegetables | 2 (1.8) | - | 1 (1.6) | 2 (3.2) | - | - | - |
Pouches | 2 (1.8) | - | 2 (1.8) | ||||
Snack foods (43) | 28 (67.4) | 28 (65.1) | - | - | - | - | - |
Desserts | 1 (20%) | 1 (20.0) | 1 | - | - | 1 (20.0) | - |
Beverages (54) | 26 (48.2) | - | 26 (48.2) | 2 (3.7) | - | - | - |
Toddlers (228) | 53 (23.3) | 30 (13.2) | 16 (7.0) | 9 (4.0) | 2 (0.9) | - | - |
Menus (23) | 3 (13.0) | - | - | 3 (13.0) | - | - | - |
Cereals (12) | 11 (91.7) | 11 (91.7) | - | - | - | - | - |
Snack foods (77) | 21 (27.3) | 18 (23.3) | - | 4 (5.2) | 1 (1.3 | - | - |
Pouches (60) | 15 (25%) | - | 15 (25) | 2 (3.3) | - | - | - |
Beverages (26) | 2 (7.7) | - | 1 (3.9) | - | 1 (3.9) | - | - |
Pasta (2) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | - | - | - | - | - |
Total (1057) | 317 (30.0) | 215 (20.3) | 107 (10.1) | 72 (6.8) | 63 (6.0) | 59 (5.6) | 32 (3.0) |
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Alexy, U.; Dilger, J.J.; Koch, S. Commercial Complementary Food in Germany: A 2020 Market Survey. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183762
Alexy U, Dilger JJ, Koch S. Commercial Complementary Food in Germany: A 2020 Market Survey. Nutrients. 2022; 14(18):3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183762
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexy, Ute, June Joann Dilger, and Stefanie Koch. 2022. "Commercial Complementary Food in Germany: A 2020 Market Survey" Nutrients 14, no. 18: 3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183762
APA StyleAlexy, U., Dilger, J. J., & Koch, S. (2022). Commercial Complementary Food in Germany: A 2020 Market Survey. Nutrients, 14(18), 3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183762