Prevalence of Risk of Sarcopenia in Polish Elderly Population—A Population Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Methods
2.2. Data Collection and Instruments
2.2.1. Anthropometric Measurements
2.2.2. Sarcopenia Risk Assessment
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Samples Characteristics
3.2. Risk of Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obeisty in Adiposity Groups Determined by BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR
3.3. Association between the Risk of Sarcopenia and Incidence of Diseases
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Males, Years of Age | Females, Years of Age | p for Difference between Genders | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total ≥ 65 (n = 823) | 65–74 (n = 548) | ≥75 (n = 275) | p | Total ≥ 65 (n = 1177) | 65–74 (n = 633) | ≥75 (n = 544) | p | |||
Education | Primary/middle (gymnasium), n(%) | 129 (15.7) | 66 (12.0) | 63 (22.9) | <0.001 | 193 (16.4) | 52 (8.2) | 141 (25.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Middle (basic vocational school), n(%) | 441 (53.6) | 313 (57.1) | 128 (46.5) | 489 (41.5) | 277 (43.8) | 212 (39.0) | ||||
Secondary (general or technical), n(%) | 198 (24.1) | 139 (25.4) | 59 (21.5) | 417 (35.4) | 267 (42.2) | 150 (27.6) | ||||
Tertiary (Bachelor’s degree programmes, Master degree programmes), n(%) | 55 (6.7) | 30 (5.5) | 25 (9.1) | 78 (6.6) | 37 (5.8) | 41 (7.5) | ||||
Marital status | Single, n(%) | 18 (2.2) | 17 (3.1) | 1 (0.4) | <0.001 | 17 (1.4) | 11 (1.7) | 6 (1.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
In relationship, n(%) | 654 (79.5) | 467 (85.2) | 187 (68.0) | 692 (58.8) | 426 (67.3) | 266 (48.9) | ||||
Divorced/separated, n(%) | 34 (4.1) | 16 (2.9) | 18 (6.5) | 49 (4.2) | 33 (5.2) | 16 (2.9) | ||||
Widowed, n(%) | 117 (14.2) | 48 (8.8) | 69 (25.1) | 419 (35.6) | 163 (25.8) | 256 (47.1) | ||||
Financial condition | We are wealthy, we do not have to save even for larger expenses, n(%) | 4 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.7) | 0.083 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.14 | <0.001 |
We have enough money for all expenses, and we can save some money, n(%) | 106 (12.9) | 63 (11.5) | 43 (15.6) | 88 (7.5) | 47 (7.4) | 41 (7.5) | ||||
We have enough money for everyday expenses, but we cannot afford more, n(%) | 618 (75.1) | 428 (78.1) | 190 (69.1) | 896 (76.1) | 493 (77.9) | 403 (74.1) | ||||
We have to deny ourselves many things so that we have enough money to live, n(%) | 90 (10.9) | 52 (9.5) | 38 (13.8) | 185 (15.7) | 87 (13.7) | 98 (18.0) | ||||
We don’t have enough money, even for the most urgent needs, n(%) | 5 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.7) | 8 (0.7) | 6 (0.9) | 2 (0.4) |
Characteristic | Males, Years of Age | Females, Years of Age | p for Difference between Genders | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total ≥ 65 (n = 823) | 65–74 (n = 548) | ≥75 (n = 275) | p | Total ≥ 65 (n = 1177) | 65–74 (n = 633) | ≥75 (n = 544) | p | |||
Body mass (kg) | Mean ± SD | 81.98 ± 12.5 | 82.49 ± 12.37 | 80.98 ± 12.71 | 0.18 | 74.63 ± 13.79 | 75.26 ± 13.90 | 73.89 ± 13.63 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
Med. | 81.4 | 82.0 | 80.2 | 74.0 | 74.0 | 74.0 | ||||
Min–max | 48–130 | 49–130 | 48–121 | 35.3–140 | 43.6–140 | 35.3–118 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | Mean ± SD | 27.17 ± 3.77 | 27.22 ± 3.8 | 27.07 ± 3.72 | 0.98 | 28.00 ± 5.13 | 28.02 ± 5.12 | 27.97 ± 5.14 | 0.07 | <0.001 |
Med. | 26.71 | 26.83 | 26.61 | 27.39 | 27.31 | 28.68 | ||||
Min–max | 16.81–47.75 | 16.81–47.75 | 17.63–46.09 | 16.05–45.39 | 17.58–45.39 | 16.05–44.96 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2), ranges, according to WHO, n(%) | <18.5 | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0.89 | 10 (0.8) | 7 (1.1) | 3 (0.6) | 0.02 | <0.001 |
18.5–24.9 | 239 (29.0) | 154 (28.1) | 85 (30.9) | 371 (31.5) | 195 (30.8) | 176 (32.4) | ||||
25.0–29.9 | 442 (53.7) | 299 (54.6) | 143 (52.0) | 410 (34.8) | 237 (37.4) | 173 (31.8) | ||||
≥30 | 139 (16.9) | 93 (17.0) | 46 (16.7) | 386 (32.8) | 194 (30.6) | 192 (35.3) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2), ranges for elderly, n(%) | <22 | 32 (3.9) | 22 (4.0) | 10 (3.6) | 0.73 | 127 (10.8) | 64 (10.1) | 63 (11.6) | 0.72 | <0.001 |
22.0–26.9 | 403 (49.0) | 263 (48.0) | 140 (50.9) | 419 (35.6) | 228 (36.0) | 191 (35.1) | ||||
≥27.0 | 388 (47.1) | 263 (48.0) | 125 (45.5) | 631 (53.6) | 341 (53.9) | 290 (53.3) | ||||
WC (cm) | Mean ± SD | 94.31 ± 13.01 | 93.70 ± 12.73 | 95.72 ± 13.57 | 0.04 | 91.80 ± 13.78 | 91.77 ± 13.42 | 91.85 ± 14.27 | 0.92 | <0.001 |
Med. | 91 | 90 | 93 | 90.2 | 90 | 91.1 | ||||
Min–max | 69–177 | 69–177 | 70–145 | 57–159 | 59.9–159 | 57–155 | ||||
WC (cm), ranges, n(%) | <94 (M); <80 (F) | 439 (57.1) | 318 (59.2) | 121 (52.2) | 0.11 | 183 (17) | 94 (15.1) | 89 (19.5) | 0.07 | <0.001 |
94–102 (M); 80–88 (F) | 132 (17.2) | 92 (17.1) | 40 (17.2) | 239 (22.2) | 157 (25.2) | 82 (18.0) | ||||
≥102 (M); ≥88 (F) | 198 (25.7) | 127 (23.6) | 71 (30.6) | 657 (60.9) | 372 (59.7) | 285 (62.5) | ||||
WHR | Mean ± SD | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 0.98 ± 0.09 | 0.001 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Med. | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 | ||||
Min–max | 0.56–1.99 | 0.56–1.99 | 0.7–1.33 | 0.48–1.69 | 0.48–1.69 | 0.51–1.29 | ||||
WHR, ranges, n(%) | <0.9 (M); <0.85 (F) | 109 (14.2) | 72 (13.4) | 37 (15.9) | 0.37 | 411 (38.1) | 228 (36.6) | 183 (40.1) | 0.25 | <0.001 |
≥0.9 (M); ≥0.85 (F) | 660 (85.8) | 465 (86.6) | 195 (84.1) | 668 (61.9) | 395 (63.4) | 273 (59.9) | ||||
WHtR | Mean ± SD | 0.54 ± 0.07 | 0.54 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.56 ± 0.09 | 0.56 ± 0.09 | 0.57 ± 0.09 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Med. | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.56 | ||||
Min–max | 0.4–1.00 | 0.4–1.00 | 0.41–0.81 | 0.35–1 | 0.35–1 | 0.35–1 | ||||
WHtR, ranges, n(%) | ≤ 0.5 | 257 (33.4) | 199 (37.1) | 58 (25.0) | 0.01 | 272 (25.2) | 163 (26.2) | 109 (23.9) | 0.44 | <0.001 |
>0.5 | 512 (66.6) | 338 (62.9) | 174 (75.0) | 807 (74.8) | 460 (73.8) | 347 (76.1) | ||||
SARC-F, score | Mean ± SD | 1.22 ± 1.72 | 0.79 ± 1.36 | 2.08 ± 2.02 | <0.001 | 2.08 ± 1.96 | 1.6 ± 1.73 | 2.63 ± 2.06 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Med. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||
Min–max | 0–10 | 0–7 | 0–10 | 0–9 | 0–9 | 0–9 | ||||
Sarcopenia, n(%) | No (SARC-F score 0–3) | 714 (86.8) | 509 (92.9) | 205 (74.5) | <0.001 | 914 (77.7) | 548 (85.0) | 366 (67.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Yes (SARC-F score ≥ 4) | 109 (13.2) | 39 (7.1) | 70 (25.5) | 263 (22.3) | 85 (13.4) | 178 (32.7) |
Characteristics | Males, Years of Age | Females, Years of Age | p for Difference between Genders | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 823) | 65–74 (n = 548) | ≥75 (n = 275) | Total (n = 1177) | 65–74 (n = 633) | ≥75 (n = 544) | |||
BMI (kg/m2), ranges, according to WHO n(%) | <18.5 | 1 (33.3%) | 1 (50.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (30.0%) | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (33.3%) | <0.001 |
18.5–24.9 | 28 (11.7%) | 9 (5.8%) | 19 (22.4%) | 62 (16.7%) | 15 (7.7%) | 47 (26.7%) | ||
25.0–29.9 | 60 (13.6%) | 23 (7.7%) | 37 (25.9%) | 82 (20.0%) | 32 (13.5%) | 50 (28.9%) | ||
≥30 | 20 (14.4%) | 6 (6.5%) | 14 (30.4%) | 116 (30.1%) | 36 (18.6%) | 80 (41.7%) | ||
BMI (kg/m2), ranges for elderly n(%) | <22 | 2 (6.3%) | 1 (4.5%) | 1 (10.0%) | 17 (13.4%) | 4 (6.3%) | 13 (20.6%) | <0.001 |
22.0–26.9 | 56 (13.9%) | 22 (8.4%) | 34 (24.3%) | 84 (20.0%) | 26 (11.4%) | 58 (30.4%) | ||
≥27.0 | 51 (13.1%) | 16 (6.1%) | 35 (28.0%) | 162 (25.7%) | 55 (16.1%) | 107 (36.9%) | ||
WC (cm), ranges n(%) | No data | 8 (14.8%) | 2 (18.2%) | 6 (14.0%) | 14 (14.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (15.9%) | <0.001 |
<94 (M); <80 (F) | 60 (13.7%) | 24 (7.5%) | 36 (29.8%) | 38 (20.8%) | 11 (11.7%) | 27 (30.3%) | ||
94–102 (M); 80–88 (F) | 10 (7.6%) | 6 (6.5%) | 4 (10.0%) | 45 (18.8%) | 18 (11.5%) | 27 (32.9%) | ||
≥102 (M); ≥88 (F) | 31 (15.7%) | 7 (5.5%) | 24 (33.8%) | 166 (25.3%) | 56 (15.1%) | 110 (32.6%) | ||
WHR, ranges n(%) | No data | 8 (14.8%) | 2 (18.2%) | 6 (14.0%) | 14 (14.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (15.9%) | 0.02 |
<0.9 (M); <0.85 (F) | 25 (22.9%) | 9 (12.5%) | 16 (43.2%) | 94 (22.9%) | 31 (13.6%) | 63 (34.4%) | ||
≥0.9 (M); ≥0.85 (F) | 76 (11.5%) | 28 (6.0%) | 48 (24.6%) | 155 (23.2%) | 54 (13.7%) | 105 (37.0%) | ||
WHtR, ranges n(%) | No data | 8 (14.8%) | 2 (18.2%) | 6 (14.0%) | 14 (14.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (15.9%) | <0.001 |
≤0.5 | 38 (14.8%) | 18 (9.0%) | 20 (34.5%) | 46 (16.9%) | 16 (9.8%) | 30 (27.5%) | ||
>0.5 | 63 (12.3%) | 19 (5.6%) | 44 (25.3%) | 203 (25.2%) | 69 (15.0%) | 134 (38.6%) |
Diagnostic Criteria | Males, Years of Age | Females, Years of Age | p for Difference between Genders | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total ≥ 65 (n = 823) | 65–74 (n = 548) | ≥75 (n = 275) | p | Total ≥ 65 (n = 1177) | 65–74 (n = 633) | ≥75 (n = 544) | p | ||
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and SARC-F score ≥ 4 n(%) | 20 (2.4) | 6 (1.1) | 14 (5.1) | 0.000 | 116 (9.9) | 36 (5.7) | 80 (14.7) | 0.000 | <0.001 |
WC ≥ 102 (M); ≥88 (F) and SARC-F score ≥ 4 n(%) | 31 (3.8) | 7 (1.3) | 24 (8.7) | 0.000 | 166 (14.1) | 56 (8.8) | 110 (20.2) | 0.000 | <0.001 |
WHR ≥ 0.9 (M); ≥0.85 (F) and SARC-F score ≥ 4 n(%) | 76 (9.2) | 28 (5.1) | 48 (17.5) | 0.407 | 155 (13.2) | 54 (8.5) | 101 (18.6) | 0.41 | <0.12 |
WHtR > 0.5 and SARC-F score ≥ 4 n(%) | 63 (7.7) | 19 (3.5) | 44 (16.0) | 0.000 | 203 (17.2) | 69 (10.9) | 134 (24.6) | 0.000 | <0.001 |
Group of Diseases | Males n = 109 | Females n = 263 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (CI) | p | OR (CI) | p | |
Allergies | 1.01 (0.11–4.55) | ns | 1.95 (1.04–3.58) | 0.028 |
Diseases of urinary tract | 1.58 (0.68–3.31) | ns | 1.76 (0.97–3.09) | 0.045 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 1.32 (0.83–2.07) | ns | 2.1 (1.57–2.82) | <0.001 |
Motoric system diseases | 3.65 (2.28–5.8) | <0.001 | 3.36 (2.44–4.6) | 0.000 |
Diabetes type 1 | 1.01 (0.11–4.55) | ns | 2.21 (1.0–4.7) | 0.035 |
Diabetes type 2 | 2.38 (1.0–5.22) | 0.028 | 1.28 (1.28–3.19) | 0.0017 |
Respiratory system diseases | 3.31 (1.52–6.88) | 0.0013 | 2.15 (1.2–3.77) | 0.0071 |
Neurological diseases | 13.17 (4.35–44.38) | <0.001 | 6.93 (2.88–17.88) | <0.001 |
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Milewska, M.; Przekop, Z.; Szostak-Węgierek, D.; Chrzanowska, M.; Raciborski, F.; Traczyk, I.; Sińska, B.I.; Samoliński, B. Prevalence of Risk of Sarcopenia in Polish Elderly Population—A Population Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3466. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173466
Milewska M, Przekop Z, Szostak-Węgierek D, Chrzanowska M, Raciborski F, Traczyk I, Sińska BI, Samoliński B. Prevalence of Risk of Sarcopenia in Polish Elderly Population—A Population Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(17):3466. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173466
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilewska, Magdalena, Zuzanna Przekop, Dorota Szostak-Węgierek, Mariola Chrzanowska, Filip Raciborski, Iwona Traczyk, Beata Irena Sińska, and Bolesław Samoliński. 2022. "Prevalence of Risk of Sarcopenia in Polish Elderly Population—A Population Study" Nutrients 14, no. 17: 3466. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173466