Profiles of Physical Activity and Physical Performance in Matched Religious Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Women: A Preliminary Observational Study in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Physical Activity Measures
2.4. Physical Performance Measures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Nonvegetarians (n = 80) | Vegetarians (n = 80) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 64.5 (54.3–74.8) | 64.5 (53.5–74.5) | 0.928 a |
Height (m) | 1.54 (1.51–1.60) | 1.55 (1.51–1.59) | 0.852 a |
Weight (kg) | 55.8 (51.0–63.4) | 55.0 (51.0–61.0) | 0.384 a |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 (21.4–26.0) | 23.1 (20.8–25.2) | 0.276 a |
MMSE (score) | 29.0 (25.0–30.0) | 28.0 (26.0–29.0) | 0.458 a |
Educational levels, n (%) | 0.402 b | ||
Elementary school or less | 30 (37.5%) | 22 (27.5%) | |
Secondary school | 30 (37.5%) | 35 (43.8%) | |
College or higher | 20 (25.0%) | 23 (28.8%) | |
Living alone, n (%) | 11 (13.8%) | 13 (16.3%) | 0.658 b |
Comorbidities | |||
# 0 | 43 (53.8%) | 38 (47.5%) | 0.510 b |
# 1–2 | 29 (36.3%) | 36 (45.0%) | |
# ≥ 3 | 8 (10.0%) | 6 (7.5%) | |
Hypertension | 28 (35.0%) | 21 (26.3%) | 0.230 b |
Cardiac disease | 8 (10.0%) | 7 (8.8%) | 0.786 b |
Diabetes mellitus | 12 (15.0%) | 5 (6.3%) | 0.073 b |
Hyperlipidemia | 7 (8.8%) | 4 (5.0%) | 0.349 b |
Osteoarthritis | 4 (5.0%) | 12 (15.0%) | 0.035 b |
History of falls, n (%) | 11 (13.8%) | 6 (7.5%) | 0.200 b |
Time spent sitting (hour/day) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 0.829 a |
Dietary habits, n (%) | |||
Vegan | — | 2 (2.5%) | |
Ovo-vegetarian | — | 2 (2.5%) | |
Lacto-vegetarian | — | 4 (5.0%) | |
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian | — | 72 (90.0%) | |
Omnivorous | 80 (100%) | — |
Nonvegetarians (n = 80) | Vegetarians (n = 80) | p-Value | p-Value c | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical activity | ||||
IPAQ-SF score (MET-min/week) | 1155 (470–2942) | 900 (477–1784) | 0.105 a | |
Physical performance | ||||
Handgrip strength (kg) | 23.2 (20.2–26.4) | 23.2 (20.6–26.0) | 0.932 a | |
5xSTS (s) | 7.2 (6.2–8.9) | 7.4 (5.8–9.8) | 0.895 a | |
Gait speed (m/s) | 1.34 (1.28–1.39) | 1.34 (1.28–1.40) | 0.991 b | 0.563 |
TUG (s) | 7.5 (6.5–9.6) | 7.8 (6.7–9.0) | 0.676 a | |
FRT (cm) | 19.7 (18.7–20.6) | 24.5 (23.2–25.8) | <0.001b | <0.001 |
Nonvegetarians n (%) | Vegetarians n (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Low Physical activity levels 1 | 22 (27.5%) | 26 (32.5%) | 0.490 |
Poor physical performance | |||
Slow gait speed (< 1.0 m/s) | 9 (11.3%) | 8 (10.0%) | 0.797 |
TUG deficits (> 11 s) | 11 (13.8%) | 8 (10.0%) | 0.463 |
FRT deficits (< 25.4 cm) | 12 (15.0%) | 6 (7.5%) | 0.133 |
Low handgrip strength (< 18 kg) | 8 (10.0%) | 11 (13.8%) | 0.463 |
5xSTS deficits (≥ 12 s) | 6 (7.5%) | 7 (8.8%) | 0.772 |
Total (n = 48, 30%) | Nonvegetarians (n = 22) | Vegetarians (n = 26) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exhaustion after work | 17 (35.4%) | 8 (36.4%) | 9 (34.6%) | 0.936 |
Busyness (lack of time) | 13 (27.1%) | 5 (22.7%) | 8 (30.8%) | |
Lack of interest | 10 (20.8%) | 5 (22.7%) | 5 (19.2%) | |
knee pain | 8 (16.7%) | 4 (18.2%) | 4 (15.4%) |
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Wu, Y.-Z.; Chan, Y.-T.; Hsieh, J.-G.; Chen, J.-C. Profiles of Physical Activity and Physical Performance in Matched Religious Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Women: A Preliminary Observational Study in Taiwan. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102170
Wu Y-Z, Chan Y-T, Hsieh J-G, Chen J-C. Profiles of Physical Activity and Physical Performance in Matched Religious Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Women: A Preliminary Observational Study in Taiwan. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102170
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yu-Zu, Yun-Ting Chan, Jyh-Gang Hsieh, and Jia-Ching Chen. 2022. "Profiles of Physical Activity and Physical Performance in Matched Religious Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Women: A Preliminary Observational Study in Taiwan" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102170
APA StyleWu, Y. -Z., Chan, Y. -T., Hsieh, J. -G., & Chen, J. -C. (2022). Profiles of Physical Activity and Physical Performance in Matched Religious Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Women: A Preliminary Observational Study in Taiwan. Nutrients, 14(10), 2170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102170