Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength and Function, Regardless of Protein Supplementation, in the Mid- to Long-Term Period after Gastric Bypass
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Ethical Approval
2.2. Participants
2.3. Allocation
2.4. Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Anthropometric Characteristics
2.5. Resistance Training Program
2.6. Nutritional Intervention
2.7. Isokinetic Assessment
2.8. Physical Function
2.9. Dietary Intake
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Completed the Study (n = 61) | Groups | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON (n = 17) | PRO (n = 18) | RTP (n = 11) | RTP+PRO (n = 15) | |||
Female [n (%)] | 54 (88.5%) | 17 (100%) | 16 (88.9%) | 9 (81.8%) | 12 (80.0%) | 0.288 1 |
Age (years) | 40.2 ± 8.0 | 39.8 ± 7.8 | 40.6 ± 10.4 | 39.3 ± 6.9 | 41.0 ± 6.4 | 0.949 2 |
Education level (years of study) | 15.9 ± 4.0 | 14.3 ± 4.2 | 16.4 ± 4.1 | 16.2 ± 5.1 | 17.0 ± 2.6 | 0.256 2 |
Years after surgery (years) | 4.1 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 0.272 2 |
Preoperative BMI (kg/m²) | 41.9 ± 5.8 | 41.6 ± 5.2 | 43.2 ± 5.8 | 42.5 ± 6.6 | 40.1 ± 5.8 | 0.474 2 |
Current BMI (kg/m²) | 29.8 ± 5.3 | 29.3 ± 4.4 | 30.1 ± 5.7 | 30.6 ± 6.2 | 29.4 ± 5.4 | 0.912 2 |
Excess weight loss (%) | 73.4 ± 21.2 | 75.3 ± 20.8 | 73.9 ± 20.9 | 70.7 ± 23.1 | 72.9 ± 22.9 | 0.956 2 |
Total weight loss (%) | 35.9 ± 7.1 | 36.5 ± 8.3 | 37.9 ± 6.4 | 34.8 ± 7.2 | 33.7 ± 6.3 | 0.342 2 |
Weight regain 3 [n (%)] | 30 (49.2%) | 9 (52.9%) | 8 (44.4%) | 5 (45.5%) | 8 (53.3%) | 0.936 1 |
Mean of weight regain (n = 30) (%) | 17.9 ± 7.2 | 16.8 ± 6.6 | 21.3 ± 9.5 | 17.4 ± 7.8 | 15.9 ± 4.8 | 0.468 2 |
Groups | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON (n = 17) | PRO (n = 18) | RTP (n = 11) | RTP+PRO (n = 15) | ||
Food intake baseline | |||||
kcal/day | 1564 ± 296 | 1669 ± 306 | 1579 ± 241 | 1556 ± 393 | 0.707 1 |
kcal/kg of current weight | 21.0 ± 4.6 | 21.1 ± 4.9 | 19.4 ± 4.4 | 20.1 ± 4.3 | 0.746 1 |
g protein/day | 72.7 ± 4.3 | 72.7 ± 4.0 | 73.4 ± 4.0 | 70.1 ± 4.8 | 0.202 1 |
g protein/kg of current weight | 0.98 ± 0.14 | 0.92 ± 0.14 | 0.91 ± 0.22 | 0.93 ± 0.18 | 0.659 1 |
g protein/kg of the ideal weight | 1.14 ± 0.09 | 1.08 ± 0.09 | 1.09 ± 0.13 | 1.08 ± 0.12 | 0.399 1 |
Food intake after 12-week | |||||
kcal/day | 1427 ± 408 | 1729 ± 428 | 1707 ± 521 | 1721 ± 517 | 0.187 1 |
kcal/kg of current weight | 19.5 ± 7.0 | 21.5 ± 6.4 | 20.7 ± 7.9 | 21.5 ± 4.9 | 0.776 1 |
g protein/day | 59.4 ± 14.2 | 81.0 ± 27.8 a | 67.9 ± 18.4 | 75.5 ± 25.9 | 0.041 1 |
g protein/kg of current weight | 0.80 ± 0.21 | 1.0 ± 0.38 | 0.83 ± 0.28 | 0.95 ± 0.32 | 0.203 1 |
g protein/kg of the ideal weight | 0.92 ± 0.21 | 1.20 ± 0.40 | 1.0 ± 0.26 | 1.16 ±0.42 | 0.072 1 |
Whey protein supplementation intake | |||||
g /day 3 | NA | 30.9 ± 2.8 | NA | 30.4 ± 6.0 | 0.740 2 |
Whey protein adherence (%) | NA | 91.9 ± 7.5 | NA | 92.1 ± 10.0 | 0.950 2 |
Resistance Training Program | |||||
Resistance Training Program adherence (%) | NA | NA | 84.8 ± 5.2 | 80.0 ± 7.7 | 0.084 2 |
Variables | Time (Weeks) | Groups | p Value 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON (n = 17) | PRO (n = 18) | RTP (n = 11) | RTP+PRO (n = 15) | |||
Max PT 60°/s (Nm) | 0 | 127.91 ± 23.66 | 135.34 ± 40.42 | 149.13 ± 48.12 | 147.79 ± 51.39 | <0.001 |
12 | 122.28 ± 23.01 | 133.72 ± 42.87 | 162.04 ± 52.02 *,a | 155.19 ± 50.72 *,a | ||
Δ | −2.05 ± 4.93 | −2.33 ± 5.16 | 11.65 ± 13.53 | 7.60 ± 7.69 | ||
PT 60°/s relative to BW (Nm/kg) | 0 | 1.70 ± 0.30 | 1.70 ± 0.53 | 1.75 ± 0.28 | 1.88 ± 0.33 | 0.002 |
12 | 1.70 ± 0.29 | 1.68 ± 0.57 | 1.91 ± 0.30 * | 1.88 ± 0.21* | ||
Δ | −0.01 ± 0.05 | −0.03 ± 0.07 | 0.12 ± 0.14 | 0.06 ± 0.11 | ||
Max TW 60°/s (J) | 0 | 439.29 ± 102.03 | 474.53 ± 137.69 | 532.27 ± 186.76 | 534.24 ± 195.94 | <0.001 |
12 | 415.31 ± 111.26 | 471.83 ± 147.26 | 599.04 ± 179.07 *,a,b | 555.42 ± 188.15 *,a | ||
Δ | −18.43 ± 48.43 | −6.23 ± 16.84 | 75.99 ± 38.96 | 32.86 ± 43.44 | ||
Max PT 180°/s (Nm) | 0 | 85.96 ± 14.88 | 91.12 ± 26.64 | 100.00 ± 34.07 | 102.55 ± 38.65 | <0.001 |
12 | 83.19 ± 15.06 | 89.51 ± 27.57 | 111.53 ± 39.12 *,a | 108.62 ± 39.20 *,a | ||
Δ | −1.10 ± 2.59 | −1.46 ± 6.74 | 9.28 ± 10.90 | 6.65 ± 4.84 | ||
PT 180°/s relative to BW (Nm/kg) | 0 | 1.14 ± 0.18 | 1.15 ± 0.40 | 1.16 ± 0.19 | 1.27 ± 0.19 | 0.001 |
12 | 1.15 ± 0.16 | 1.13 ± 0.39 | 1.30 ± 0.22 * | 1.31 ± 0.16 * | ||
Δ | −0.01 ± 0.04 | −0.03 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.10 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | ||
Max TW 180°/s (J) | 0 | 316.32 ± 67.02 | 346.70 ± 100.96 | 383.20 ± 120.80 | 385.94 ± 142.96 | <0.001 |
12 | 301.56 ± 66.91 | 339.40 ± 106.13 | 419.17 ± 115.84 *,a,b | 417.34 ± 132.42 *,a | ||
Δ | −7.45 ± 14.99 | −10.70 ± 21.99 | 40.07 ± 32.57 | 38.31 ± 43.22 | ||
TUG (s) | 0 | 6.00 ± 0.75 | 6.23 ± 0.95 | 6.44 ± 0.75 | 5.87 ± 0.69 | <0.001 |
12 | 6.00 ± 0.69 | 6.06 ± 0.86 | 5.16 ± 0.52 *,a,b | 5.25 ± 0.49 *,a,b | ||
Δ | −0.02 ± 0.36 | −0.17 ± 0.35 | −1.20 ± 0.73 | −0.62 ± 0.59 | ||
6-MWT (m) | 0 | 606.19 ± 63.98 | 577.25 ± 83.73 | 559.20 ± 65.12 | 598.49 ± 94.41 | 0.002 |
12 | 579.30 ± 69.17 | 566.11 ± 78.01 | 608.70 ± 50.09 *,b | 629.10 ± 64.39 *,b | ||
Δ | −14.56 ± 47.05 | −11.14 ± 19.71 | 49.81 ± 39.36 | 30.61 ± 75.11 | ||
30-STS (repetitions) | 0 | 15.29 ± 2.47 | 14.78 ± 3.81 | 14.75 ± 2.00 | 15.20 ± 3.19 | <0.001 |
12 | 16.00 ± 3.14 | 14.39 ± 3.60 | 17.64 ± 2.33* | 17.07 ± 3.49 *,b | ||
Δ | 1.07 ± 2.43 | −0.39 ± 0.98 | 2.70 ± 2.75 | 1.87± 1.40 |
Variables | Delta Max PT 60°/s (Nm) n = 53 | Delta Max TW 60°/s (J) n = 53 | Delta PT 60°/s Relative to BW (Nm/kg) n = 54 | Delta Max PT 180°/s (Nm) n = 54 | Delta Max TW 180°/s (J) n = 52 | Delta PT 180°/s relative to BW (Nm/kg) n = 54 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delta TUG (s); n = 58 | −0.38 (0.006) | −0.48 (<0.001) | −0.21 (0.134) | −0.48 (<0.001) | −0.44 (0.001) | −0.32 (0.019) |
Delta 6-MWT (m); n = 57 | 0.44 (0.001) | 0.25 (0.077) | 0.39 (0.005) | 0.32 (0.019) | 0.28 (0.047) | 0.31 (0.026) |
Delta 30-STS (repetitions); n = 58 | 0.465 (0.001) | 0.66 (<0.001) | 0.27 (0.05) | 0.45 (0.001) | 0.52 (<0.001) | 0.39 (0.004) |
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Oliveira, G.S.; Vieira, F.T.; Lamarca, F.; Lima, R.M.; Carvalho, K.M.B.; Dutra, E.S. Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength and Function, Regardless of Protein Supplementation, in the Mid- to Long-Term Period after Gastric Bypass. Nutrients 2022, 14, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010014
Oliveira GS, Vieira FT, Lamarca F, Lima RM, Carvalho KMB, Dutra ES. Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength and Function, Regardless of Protein Supplementation, in the Mid- to Long-Term Period after Gastric Bypass. Nutrients. 2022; 14(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliveira, Gabriela S., Flávio T. Vieira, Fernando Lamarca, Ricardo M. Lima, Kênia M. B. Carvalho, and Eliane S. Dutra. 2022. "Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength and Function, Regardless of Protein Supplementation, in the Mid- to Long-Term Period after Gastric Bypass" Nutrients 14, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010014