Dietary Pattern Accompanied with a High Food Variety Score Is Negatively Associated with Frailty in Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Frailty Classification
2.4. Dietary Assessment
2.5. Assessment of Other Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Study Subjects
3.2. Dietary Patterns in the Study Population
3.3. Comparison of General Characteristics by Tertiles of Dietary Pattern Scores
3.4. FVS and Nutrient Intakes across Tertiles of Dietary Pattern Scores
3.5. Association of Frailty with Dietary Pattern Scores Considering FVS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 4632) |
---|---|
Age (years, mean ± SE) | 72.5 ± 0.1 |
Age range | |
65–69 | 1538 (33.6) |
70–79 | 2411 (51.9) |
≥80 | 683 (14.5) |
Gender | |
Male | 2184 (48.8) |
Female | 2448 (51.2) |
Living status | |
Living alone | 990 (17.5) |
Living with others | 3642 (82.5) |
Residence | |
Rural | 1300 (21.6) |
Urban | 3332 (78.4) |
Education | |
≤Elementary school | 2708 (56.2 |
≥Middle school | 1924 (43.8) |
Family income | |
≤The lowest quartile | 2164 (44.9) |
≥Middle–low | 2468 (55.1) |
Current smoking status | |
Current smoker | 439 (9.6) |
Non-current smoker | 4193 (90.4) |
High-risk alcohol consumption | |
Yes | 187 (4.1) |
No | 4444 (95.9) |
Body mass index (kg/m2, mean ± SE) | 24.0 ± 0.1 |
Body mass index range | |
<18.5 | 120 (2.6) |
18.5–24.9 | 2833 (61.7) |
≥25.0 | 1679 (35.7) |
Comorbidity | |
Yes | 925 (19.7) |
No | 3707 (80.3) |
Food Group | Pattern 1 | Pattern 2 | Pattern 3 |
---|---|---|---|
White Rice and Kimchi | Vegetables, Oils, and Fish | Noodles and Meat | |
White rice | 0.83902 | −0.27383 | |
Grains | |||
Noodles and dumplings | −0.2601 | 0.54391 | |
Flour, bread, and rice cakes | −0.41547 | ||
Hamburgers, pizza, and snacks | |||
Potatoes | −0.30472 | ||
Sweets | |||
Beans | |||
Nuts | −0.3071 | −0.33496 | |
Non-salted vegetables | 0.61885 | ||
Kimchi and salted vegetables | 0.32283 | ||
Mushrooms | |||
Fruits | −0.40244 | −0.34568 | |
Meats | 0.42253 | ||
Processed meats | |||
Eggs | −0.32273 | ||
Fish and shellfish | 0.47125 | ||
Seaweed | |||
Milk and dairy products | −0.38096 | ||
Oils | 0.51915 | ||
Alcohol | 0.27234 | 0.38311 | |
Coffee and tea | 0.37365 | ||
Sugar-sweetened beverages | |||
Seasonings | 0.53593 | ||
Variance explained (%) | 8.15% | 5.85% | 5.53% |
Variables | Dietary Pattern Score | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pattern 1 White Rice and Salted Vegetables | Pattern 2 Vegetables, Oils, and Fish | Pattern 3 Noodles and Meat | ||||||||||
Tertile 1 (Lowest) (n = 1544) | Tertile 2 (Middle) (n = 1544) | Tertile 3 (Highest) (n = 1544) | p-Value | Tertile 1 (Lowest) (n = 1544) | Tertile 2 (Middle) (n = 1544) | Tertile 3 (Highest) (n = 1544) | p-Value | Tertile 1 (Lowest) (n = 1544) | Tertile 2 (Middle) (n = 1544) | Tertile 3 (Highest) (n = 1544) | p-Value | |
Age (years, mean ± SE) | 71.6 ± 0.2 | 72.5 ± 0.2 | 73.6 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 73.1 ± 0.1 | 72.7 ± 0.2 | 71.8 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | 72.2 ± 0.2 | 72.9 ± 0.1 | 72.5 ± 0.2 | 0.0037 |
Age range (years) | ||||||||||||
65–69 | 622 (41.3) | 518 (33.6) | 398 (25.6) | <0.0001 | 415 (27.9) | 516 (32.7) | 607 (39.9) | <0.0001 | 548 (36.3) | 487 (30.8) | 503 (33.7) | 0.0448 |
70–79 | 745 (47.1) | 811 (53.1) | 855 (55.7) | 850 (55.4) | 807 (52.3) | 754 (48.2) | 796 (51.0) | 809 (53.8) | 806 (50.9) | |||
80≤ | 177 (11.5) | 215 (13.3) | 291 (18.7) | 279 (16.7) | 221 (15.0) | 183 (11.9) | 200 (12.7) | 248 (15.4) | 235 (15.4) | |||
Gender (male, %) | 612 (41.2) | 782 (52.5) | 790 (52.8) | <0.0001 | 630 (41.0) | 736 (50.4) | 818 (54.7) | <0.0001 | 581 (39.6) | 710 (47.5) | 893 (59.2) | <0.0001 |
Living status (living alone, %) | 317 (17.3) | 314 (16.7) | 359 (18.5) | 0.4475 | 414 (21.9) | 276 (14.8) | 300 (16.1) | <0.0001 | 343 (18.0) | 326 (17.3) | 321 (17.3) | 0.8580 |
Residence (rural, %) | 302 (15.0) | 442 (21.4) | 556 (28.7) | <0.0001 | 495 (24.2) | 419 (21.7) | 386 (19.2) | 0.0147 | 393 (19.8) | 453 (22.4) | 454 (22.7) | 0.1996 |
Education (≤elementary school, %) | 707 (43.5) | 910 (56.5) | 1091 (68.9) | <0.0001 | 1042 (64.9) | 896 (57.1) | 770 (46.8) | <0.0001 | 895 (54.4) | 951 (60.3) | 862 (53.7) | 0.0031 |
Family income level (≤low, %) | 549 (34.9) | 715 (44.9) | 900 (55.3) | <0.0001 | 851 (52.0) | 695 (43.1) | 618 (39.9) | <0.0001 | 721 (44.0) | 750 (47.5) | 693 (43.2) | 0.0974 |
Current smoker (%) | 102 (2.3) | 145 (9.8) | 192 (12.3) | <0.0001 | 135 (9.0) | 138 (8.8) | 166 (11.0) | 0.1539 | 94 (6.0) | 127 (8.8) | 218 (14.0) | <0.0001 |
High-risk alcohol consumption (%) | 42 (2.6) | 61 (3.8) | 84 (5.7) | 0.0002 | 38 (2.4) | 47 (3.1) | 102 (6.6) | <0.0001 | 38 (2.3) | 43 (2.8) | 106 (7.0) | <0.0001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2, mean ± SE) | 24.2 ± 0.1 | 24.1 ± 0.1 | 23.9 ± 0.1 | 0.1164 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 24.1 ± 0.1 | 0.5946 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 24.1 ± 0.1 | 0.6819 |
Body mass index range (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
<18.5 | 28 (1.8) | 35 (2.2) | 57 (3.9) | 0.0157 | 53 (3.8) | 37 (2.4) | 30 (1.7) | 0.0222 | 35 (2.1) | 43 (3.1) | 42 (2.7) | 0.5585 |
18.5–24.9 | 934 (60.9) | 949 (61.9) | 950 (62.2) | 923 (59.7) | 963 (63.2) | 947 (62.1) | 963 (63.1) | 930 (60.7) | 940 (61.3) | |||
≥25.0 | 582 (37.3) | 560 (35.8) | 537 (33.9) | 568 (36.5) | 544 (34.4) | 567 (36.2) | 546 (34.8) | 571 (36.2) | 562 (36.0) | |||
Comorbidity (%) | 334 (21.2) | 307 (20.1) | 284 (17.6) | 0.0692 | 324 (20.6) | 328 (21.4) | 273 (17.1) | 0.0192 | 340 (21.2) | 296 (18.9) | 289 (19.0) | 0.2871 |
Dietary Pattern Score | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pattern 1 White Rice and Salted Vegetables | Pattern 2 Vegetables, Oils, and Fish | Pattern 3 Noodles and Meat | ||||||||||
Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p-Trend | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p-Trend | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p-Trend | |
Food variety score | 34.7 ± 0.4 | 32.9 ± 0.4 | 25.5 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 24.4 ± 0.4 | 32.7 ± 0.4 | 36.0 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | 29.9 ± 0.4 | 31.4 ± 0.4 | 32.0 ± 0.4 | 0.0077 |
Total energy (kcal) | 1803.4 ± 21.0 | 1722.2 ± 18.4 | 1548.4 ± 19.3 | <0.0001 | 1655.0 ± 19.7 | 1701.7 ± 19.2 | 1719.9 ± 20.1 | <0.0001 | 1659.0 ± 21.5 | 1648.4 ± 17.8 | 1771.2 ± 20.9 | <0.0001 |
percentage from energy | ||||||||||||
Carbohydrates (%) | 68.7 ± 0.3 | 71.1 ± 0.3 | 74.8 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 76.3 ± 0.3 | 72.2 ± 0.3 | 66.1 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 74.5 ± 0.3 | 73.4 ± 0.3 | 66.6 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
Protein (%) | 13.4 ± 0.1 | 13.2 ± 0.1 | 12.1 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 13.1 ± 0.1 | 14.4 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 13.1 ± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.1 | 0.7579 |
Fat (%) | 17.3 ± 0.2 | 13.4 ± 0.2 | 8.8 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | 10.6 ± 0.2 | 12.9 ± 0.2 | 16.0 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 12.2 ± 0.2 | 11.8 ± 0.2 | 15.6 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
Fiber (g) | 29.7 ± 0.5 | 25.8 ± 0.4 | 21.0 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 22.3 ± 0.5 | 26.2 ± 0.5 | 28.1 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 | 31.2 ± 0.5 | 23.6 ± 0.4 | 21.9 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
Calcium (mg) | 507.7 ± 9.7 | 444.7 ± 9.3 | 365.4 ± 8.9 | <0.0001 | 364.0 ± 6.8 | 433.1 ± 8.1 | 520.8 ± 11.7 | <0.0001 | 515.4 ± 12.3 | 416.8 ± 7.7 | 387.6 ± 6.7 | <0.0001 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1003.6 ± 13.1 | 934.9 ± 11.7 | 779.2 ± 11.8 | <0.0001 | 780.2 ± 10.7 | 916.9 ± 11.7 | 1020.6 ± 14.1 | <0.0001 | 985.4 ± 14.8 | 877.7 ± 10.9 | 857.9 ± 11.6 | <0.0001 |
Iron (mg) | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 13.7 ± 0.3 | 11.9 ± 0.2 | 0.2458 | 11.4 ± 0.2 | 13.0 ± 0.3 | 14.6 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 14.6 ± 0.3 | 12.7 ± 0.2 | 11.7 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
Sodium (mg) | 3179.9 ± 61.9 | 3097.1 ± 60.8 | 2725.9 ± 59.1 | 0.4835 | 2465.6 ± 51.9 | 2913.5 ± 55.1 | 3615.2 ± 71.7 | <0.0001 | 2782.3 ± 62.9 | 2818.5 ± 51.9 | 3413.0 ± 64.5 | <0.0001 |
Potassium | 3069.1 ± 47.7 | 2715.1 ± 34.8 | 2197.7 ± 34.8 | <0.0001 | 2302.9 ± 37.6 | 2680.9 ± 38.5 | 3001.7 ± 46.8 | <0.0001 | 3028.9 ± 49.3 | 2555.7 ± 36.4 | 2409.7 ± 37.2 | <0.0001 |
Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 341.0 ± 9.9 | 318.3 ± 10.8 | 293.2 ± 22.8 | 0.9197 | 204.6 ± 11.1 | 294.7 ± 8.7 | 450.8 ± 20.6 | <0.0001 | 391.5 ± 21.7 | 292.6 ± 9.4 | 269.0 ± 10.6 | <0.0001 |
Thiamin (mg) | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 |
Niacin (mg) | 11.9 ± 0.1 | 11.8 ± 0.2 | 10.1 ± 0.2 | 0.6320 | 9.6 ± 0.2 | 11.8 ± 0.2 | 13.0 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | 11.9 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 11.2 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 91.4 ± 3.4 | 75.9 ± 3.6 | 48.7 ± 1.8 | <0.0001 | 63.2 ± 3.9 | 68.9 ± 2.3 | 84.3 ± 2.7 | <0.0001 | 97.0 ± 4.1 | 64.0 ± 2.0 | 55.6 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 |
ω-3 PUFA (g) | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 |
ω-6 PUFA (g) | 8.6 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8982 |
Flavonoids (mg) | 102.3 ± 2.6 | 91.2 ± 2.3 | 75.9 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 | 79.6 ± 2.6 | 91.6 ± 2.4 | 98.4 ± 2.7 | <0.0001 | 114.9 ± 3.0 | 82.0 ± 2.0 | 73.0 ± 2.1 | <0.0001 |
Carotenoids (mg) | 11.6 ± 0.4 | 9.4 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 98.4 ± 2.7 | 11.5 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 11.8 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.2 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
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Jang, W.; Shin, Y.; Kim, Y. Dietary Pattern Accompanied with a High Food Variety Score Is Negatively Associated with Frailty in Older Adults. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093164
Jang W, Shin Y, Kim Y. Dietary Pattern Accompanied with a High Food Variety Score Is Negatively Associated with Frailty in Older Adults. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093164
Chicago/Turabian StyleJang, Won, Yoonjin Shin, and Yangha Kim. 2021. "Dietary Pattern Accompanied with a High Food Variety Score Is Negatively Associated with Frailty in Older Adults" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093164
APA StyleJang, W., Shin, Y., & Kim, Y. (2021). Dietary Pattern Accompanied with a High Food Variety Score Is Negatively Associated with Frailty in Older Adults. Nutrients, 13(9), 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093164