The Association between Treatment Modality, Lipid Profile, Metabolic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease—Data from the International Sweet Registry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Participants
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Results from Adjusted Regression Models
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AHCL | advanced hybrid closed loop |
BMI-SDS | body mass index—standard deviation score |
CCT | cholesterol treatment trialists |
CD | celiac disease |
CSII | continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion |
DCCT/EDIC | diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications |
ESPGHAN | European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition |
GFD | gluten-free diet |
HbA1c | glycated hemoglobin |
HDL | high-density lipoproteins |
ISPAD | International Society of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes |
IT | injections therapy years |
LDL | low-density lipoproteins |
MDI | multiple daily injections |
SAP | sensor augmented therapy |
SAS | statistical analysis system |
T1D | type 1 diabetes |
WHO | World Health Organisation |
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All Subjects | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | Median/Percentage | Lower/Upper Quartile | |
Demographics | |||
% males | 1009 | 46 | N/A |
age (years) | 1009 | 13.9 | 11.4/17.5 |
duration of diabetes (years) | 1009 | 7.2 | 3.9/10.0 |
height-SDS | 1004 | 0.29 | −0.34/0.99 |
BMI-SDS | 1003 | 0.48 | −0.18/1.10 |
% from Europe | 1009 | 75.2 | N/A |
% from Asia/Africa a | 1009 | 3.8 | N/A |
% from Australia b | 1009 | 4.9 | N/A |
% from North America | 1009 | 12.8 | N/A |
% from South America | 1009 | 3.4 | N/A |
Complications and comorbidities | |||
systolic blood pressure—SDS | 917 | 0.18 | −0.44/0.85 |
systolic blood pressure—SDS | 916 | 0.22 | −0.25/0.69 |
% nephropathy | 696 | 5.2 | N/A |
% retinopathy | 531 | 4.3 | N/A |
Diabetes Parameters | |||
HbA1c (%) | 1006 | 7.86 | 6.9/8.5 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 1006 | 62.4 | 52.3/69.1 |
total daily insulin dose (U/kg) | 920 | 0.83 | 0.67/0.99 |
Lipid parameters | |||
% Dyslipidemia | 1009 | 42 | N/A |
TG (mg/dL) | 1009 | 89.4 | 54.9/105.4 |
total Chol (mg/dL) | 1009 | 165.0 | 143.0/182.9 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 1009 | 58.9 | 49.5/68.0 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 1009 | 91.6 | 73.4/105.0 |
Treatment Modality of T1D | |||
---|---|---|---|
CSII | IT | p-Value | |
Sex (% males) | 44 | 49 | 0.502 |
age (years) | 13.3 (10.9–16.9) | 14.6 (12.4–17.3) | <0.001 |
DM duration (years) | 7.6 (4.5–10.2) | 6.7 (3.4–9.9) | 0.002 |
Height-SDS (WHO) | 0.34 (−0.22, 1.07) | 0.18 (−0.47, 0.93) | 0.033 |
BMI-SDS (WHO) | 0.41 (−0.21, 0.96) | 0.57 (−0.14, 1.30) | 0.058 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.7 (6.8–8.3) | 8.1 (7.0–8.8) | <0.001 |
daily insulin dose (U/kg) | 0.79 (0.65–0.93) | 0.88 (0.69–1.05) | <0.001 |
triglyceride (mg/dL) | 88.2 (54–102) | 90.8 (55–106.3) | 1.000 |
total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 164.3 (143–182) | 165.9 (143.1–184) | 1.000 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 60.1 (50.3–69.6) | 57.6 (47.2–66.1) | 0.033 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 89.9 (72–105) | 93.6 (74–105.9) | 0.499 |
dyslipidemia (%) | 41 | 43 | 1.000 |
Original Model Adjusted for Age, Gender, Diabetes Duration | Model 1 + Adjustment for BMI-SDS | Model 2 + Adjustment for HbA1c | Model 3 + Adjustment for BMI-SDS and HbA1c | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Triglycerides [mg/dL] | MDI: 91 [85; 96] | MDI: 90 [84; 96] | MDI: 90 [84; 95] | MDI: 89 [84; 95] |
CSII: 88 [83; 93] | CSII: 89 [84; 94] | CSII: 89 [84; 94] | CSII: 90 [85; 95] | |
p = 0.5086 | p = 0.7600 | p = 0.8880 | p = 0.8910 | |
Cholesterol [mg/dL] | MDI: 167 [164; 170] | MDI: 166 [163; 169] | MDI: 166 [163; 169] | MDI: 166 [163; 169] |
CSII: 164 [161; 93,166] | CSII: 164 [161; 167] | CSII: 164 [162; 167] | CSII: 165 [162; 167] | |
p = 0.1305 | p = 0.2817 | p = 0.3429 | p = 0.5488 | |
HDL [mg/dL] | MDI: 58 [56; 59] | MDI: 58 [57; 59] | MDI: 58 [56; 59] | MDI: 58 [57; 59] |
CSII: 60 [59; 61] | CSII: 60 [59; 61] | CSII: 60 [59; 61] | CSII: 60 [59; 61] | |
p = 0.0157 | p = 0.0526 | p = 0.0192 | p = 0.0548 | |
LDL [mg/dL] | MDI: 94 [92; 97] | MDI: 94 [91; 96] | MDI: 94 [91; 96] | MDI: 93 [91; 96] |
CSII: 89 [87; 92] | CSII: 90 [88; 92] | CSII: 90 [87; 92] | CSII: 90 [88; 92] | |
p = 0.0062 | p = 0.0323 | p = 0.0224 | p = 0.0753 |
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Marino, M.; Eckert, A.J.; Tell, S.; Krnic, N.; Deja, G.; Faber Rasmussen, V.; Coelho, R.; Todorovic, S.; Jefferies, C.A.; Sherif, E.; et al. The Association between Treatment Modality, Lipid Profile, Metabolic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease—Data from the International Sweet Registry. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124473
Marino M, Eckert AJ, Tell S, Krnic N, Deja G, Faber Rasmussen V, Coelho R, Todorovic S, Jefferies CA, Sherif E, et al. The Association between Treatment Modality, Lipid Profile, Metabolic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease—Data from the International Sweet Registry. Nutrients. 2021; 13(12):4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124473
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarino, Monica, Alexander J. Eckert, Shoshana Tell, Nevena Krnic, Grazyna Deja, Vinni Faber Rasmussen, Raquel Coelho, Sladjana Todorovic, Craig A. Jefferies, Eman Sherif, and et al. 2021. "The Association between Treatment Modality, Lipid Profile, Metabolic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease—Data from the International Sweet Registry" Nutrients 13, no. 12: 4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124473
APA StyleMarino, M., Eckert, A. J., Tell, S., Krnic, N., Deja, G., Faber Rasmussen, V., Coelho, R., Todorovic, S., Jefferies, C. A., Sherif, E., Martinez Mateu, C., & Elena Lionetti, M. (2021). The Association between Treatment Modality, Lipid Profile, Metabolic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease—Data from the International Sweet Registry. Nutrients, 13(12), 4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124473