Feeding Behaviour and Lifestyle of Children and Adolescents One Year after Lockdown by the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Statistical Analysis
2.2. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Pre-School Children
4.2. Schoolers and Adolescents
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | % of Sample | Variables | % of Sample |
---|---|---|---|
Geographic zone | Age group of the child or adolescent (years) | ||
North | 6.0 | Pre-schooler (2–5) | 29.5 |
Centre | 17.8 | Scholar (6–10) | 33.9 |
Metropolitan Area (MA) | 49.4 | Adolescent (11–18) | 36.6 |
South | 26.8 | In pandemic: Did you check the “High In” warning stamps to buy groceries and food? | |
Relationship | Always | 32.5 | |
Mother | 86.9 | Sometimes | 47.0 |
Father | 10.2 | We used to do it. Not now | 4.2 |
Grandfather/mother | 1.3 | Never | 16.3 |
Legal caregiver | 1.6 | How much your family ate during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before | |
Age group of parents or caregivers (years) | Much more than before | 15.1 | |
18 to 25 | 3.4 | Much less than before | 1.1 |
26 to 35 | 30.5 | Same | 31.1 |
36 to 45 | 47.2 | A little bit more than before | 46.2 |
>46 | 18.9 | A little bit less than before | 6.6 |
Educational level | Main ways your home meals were prepared | ||
Elementary/High school | 19.6 | Home-made meals with raw and natural food | 86.6 |
Undergraduate | 60.8 | Home-made meals with processed food | 12.7 |
Postgraduate | 19.6 | Restaurant or delivery meals | 0.4 |
Number of members in the family group | Supermarket prepared meals | 0.3 | |
≤3 | 33.0 | Your child participated in preparing meals at home | |
4–5 | 58.9 | Always | 3.4 |
≥6 | 8.1 | Sometimes | 64.4 |
Sex of the child or adolescent | Never | 32.2 | |
Female | 51.2 | ||
Male | 48.8 |
Total (n = 1083) | Pre-Schoolers (n = 320) | Schoolers (n = 367) | Adolescents (n = 369) | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Feeding behaviour | |||||||||
Eat breakfast daily | 996 | 89.2 | 300 | 93.8 a | 349 | 95.1 a | 317 | 80.1 b | <0.001 * |
Daily meals (breakfast-lunch-tea-time-dinner) | 374 | 34.5 | 169 | 52.8 a | 108 | 29.4 b | 97 | 24.5 b | <0.001 * |
Type of snacks | 605 | 55.9 | 191 | 59.7 | 193 | 52.6 | 221 | 55.8 | 0.174 |
Dairy intake (≥3 per day) | 310 | 28.6 | 146 | 45.6 a | 106 | 28.9 b | 58 | 14.6 c | <0.001 * |
Fruit intake (≥2 per day) | 485 | 44.8 | 204 | 63.7 a | 163 | 44.4 b | 118 | 29.8 c | <0.001 * |
Vegetable intake (≥2 per day) | 508 | 46.9 | 178 | 55.6 a | 167 | 45.5 b | 163 | 41.2 b | <0.001 * |
Fish intake (≥2 week) | 230 | 21.2 | 74 | 23.1 | 82 | 22.3 | 74 | 18.7 | 0.288 |
Legume intake (≥2 week) | 343 | 31.7 | 133 | 41.6 a | 116 | 31.6 b | 94 | 23.7 c | <0.001 * |
Liquid drink (no dairy) | 276 | 25.5 | 119 | 37.2 a | 82 | 22.3 b | 75 | 18.9 b | <0.001 * |
Overnight food intake | 757 | 69.9 | 261 | 81.6 a | 268 | 73.0 b | 228 | 57.6 c | <0.001 * |
Processed meats intake | 539 | 49.8 | 193 | 60.3 a | 152 | 41.4 b | 194 | 49.0 c | <0.001 * |
Fast food intake | 715 | 66.0 | 242 | 75.6 a | 240 | 65.4 b | 233 | 58.8 b | <0.001 * |
Sweet or salty snacks intake | 250 | 23.1 | 87 | 27.2 a | 67 | 18.3 b | 96 | 24.2 a | 0.017 * |
Food intake while looking at screens | 269 | 24.8 | 65 | 20.3 | 94 | 25.6 | 110 | 27.8 | 0.065 |
Leisure, physical activity and sleeping habits | |||||||||
Hours of screens per day | 161 | 15.8 | 52 | 16.3 a | 87 | 23.7 b | 32 | 8.1 c | <0.001 * |
Hours of physical activity | 281 | 25.9 | 161 | 50.3 a | 66 | 18.0 b | 54 | 13.6 b | <0.001 * |
Hours of sleep per day | 770 | 71.1 | 127 | 39.7 a | 280 | 76.3 b | 363 | 91.7 c | <0.001 * |
Total (n = 1083) | Female (n = 554) | Male (n = 529) | p-Value | Pre-School Children (n = 320) | School Children (n = 367) | Adolescent (n = 369) | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Feeding behaviour | ||||||||||||||
Unhealthy | 447 | 41.3 | 214 | 38.6 | 233 | 44.0 | 0.162 | 81 | 25.3 | 171 | 46.6 | 195 | 49.2 | <0.001 * |
Requires changes | 383 | 35.4 | 201 | 36.3 | 182 | 34.4 | 107 | 33.4 | 128 | 34.9 | 148 | 37.4 | ||
Healthy | 253 | 23.4 | 139 | 25.1 | 114 | 21.6 | 132 | 41.3 a | 68 | 18.5 b | 53 | 13.4 b | ||
Lifestyles | ||||||||||||||
Unhealthy | 518 | 47.8 | 259 | 46.8 | 259 | 49.0 | 0.395 | 107 | 33.4 | 171 | 46.6 | 240 | 60.6 | <0.001 * |
Requires changes | 308 | 28.4 | 154 | 27.8 | 154 | 29.1 | 86 | 26.9 | 117 | 31.9 | 105 | 26.5 | ||
Healthy | 257 | 23.7 | 141 | 25.5 | 116 | 21.9 | 127 | 39.7 a | 79 | 21.5 b | 51 | 12.9 c |
≤3 Members (n = 357) | 4 to 5 Members (n = 638) | ≥6 Members (n = 88) | p-Value | Elementary/High School (n = 212) | Undergraduate (n = 659) | Postgraduate (n = 212) | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Feeding behaviour | ||||||||||||||
Unhealthy | 147 | 41.2 | 274 | 42.9 | 26 | 29.5 | <0.001 * | 106 | 50.0 | 276 | 41.9 | 65 | 30.7 | <0.001 * |
Requires changes | 103 | 28.9 | 235 | 36.8 | 45 | 51.1 | 75 | 35.4 | 229 | 34.7 | 79 | 37.3 | ||
Healthy | 107 | 30.0 a | 129 | 20.2 b | 17 | 19.3 c | 31 | 14.6 a | 154 | 23.4 b | 68 | 32.1 c | ||
Lifestyles | ||||||||||||||
Unhealthy | 173 | 48.5 | 309 | 48.4 | 36 | 40.9 | 0.004 * | 120 | 56.6 | 321 | 48.7 | 77 | 36.3 | <0.001 * |
Requires changes | 80 | 22.4 | 198 | 31.0 | 30 | 34.1 | 56 | 26.4 | 189 | 28.7 | 63 | 29.7 | ||
Healthy | 104 | 29.1 a | 131 | 20.5 b | 22 | 25.0 a,b | 36 | 17.0 a | 149 | 22.6 a | 72 | 34.0 b |
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Bustos-Arriagada, E.; Fuentealba-Urra, S.; Etchegaray-Armijo, K.; Quintana-Aguirre, N.; Castillo-Valenzuela, O. Feeding Behaviour and Lifestyle of Children and Adolescents One Year after Lockdown by the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114138
Bustos-Arriagada E, Fuentealba-Urra S, Etchegaray-Armijo K, Quintana-Aguirre N, Castillo-Valenzuela O. Feeding Behaviour and Lifestyle of Children and Adolescents One Year after Lockdown by the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile. Nutrients. 2021; 13(11):4138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114138
Chicago/Turabian StyleBustos-Arriagada, Edson, Sergio Fuentealba-Urra, Karina Etchegaray-Armijo, Nicolás Quintana-Aguirre, and Oscar Castillo-Valenzuela. 2021. "Feeding Behaviour and Lifestyle of Children and Adolescents One Year after Lockdown by the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile" Nutrients 13, no. 11: 4138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114138