Deprivation Index and Lifestyle: Baseline Cross-Sectional Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Catalonia Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Variables Determined
2.3.1. Socio-Demographic Variables
2.3.2. Composed Socioeconomic Index
2.3.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.3.4. Dietary Intake and Adherence to the Energy-Reduced Mediterranean Diet
2.3.5. Physical Activity
2.3.6. Sedentary Lifestyle, Smoking Habits and Clinical Morbidities
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Participants and the Composite Socioeconomic Index (CSI) Categories
3.2. Food Consumption of the Participants and the CSI Categories
3.3. Dietary Patterns
3.4. General Characteristics of the Participants According to Predefined Lifestyle Categories
3.5. Relation between CSI and Lifestyle
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Afshin, A.; Sur, P.J.; Fay, K.A.; Cornaby, L.; Ferrara, G.; Salama, J.S.; Mullany, E.C.; Abate, K.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abebe, Z.; et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2019, 393, 1958–1972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guthold, R.; Stevens, G.A.; Riley, L.M.; Bull, F.C. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, 6, e1077–e1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mackenbach, J.P.; Stirbu, I.; Roskam, A.-J.R.; Schaap, M.M.; Menvielle, G.; Leinsalu, M.; Kunst, A.E. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358, 2468–2481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Contoyannis, P.; Jones, A.M. Socio-economic status, health and lifestyle. J. Health Econ. 2004, 23, 965–995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cockerham, W.C.; Abel, T.; Lüschen, G. Max Weber, Formal Rationality, and Health Lifestyles. Sociol. Q. 1993, 34, 413–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Geng, L. Effects of socioeconomic status on physical and psychological health: Lifestyle as a mediator. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Groth, M.V.; Fagt, S.; Brøndsted, L. Social determinants of dietary habits in Denmark. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 55, 959–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinez-Lacoba, R.; Pardo-Garcia, I.; Amo-Saus, E.; Escribano-Sotos, F. Social determinants of food group consumption based on Mediterranean diet pyramid: A cross-sectional study of university students. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0227620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Marques-Vidal, P.; Waeber, G.; Vollenweider, P.; Guessous, I. Socio-demographic and lifestyle determinants of dietary patterns in French-speaking Switzerland, 2009–2012. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Beck, K.L.; Jones, B.; Ullah, I.; McNaughton, S.A.; Haslett, S.J.; Stonehouse, W. Associations between dietary patterns, socio-demographic factors and anthropometric measurements in adult New Zealanders: An analysis of data from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey. Eur. J. Nutr. 2018, 57, 1421–1433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ciprián, D.; Navarrete-Muñoz, E.M.; Garcia de la Hera, M.; Giménez-Monzo, D.; González-Palacios, S.; Quiles, J.; Vioque, J. Patrón de dieta mediterráneo y occidental en población adulta de un área mediterránea; un análisis clúster. Nutr. Hosp. 2013, 28, 1741–1749. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Papier, K.; Jordan, S.; D’Este, C.; Banwell, C.; Yiengprugsawan, V.; Seubsman, S.A.; Sleigh, A. Social demography of transitional dietary patterns in thailand: Prospective evidence from the thai cohort study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kesse-Guyot, E.; Bertrais, S.; Péneau, S.; Estaquio, C.; Dauchet, L.; Vergnaud, A.-C.; Czernichow, S.; Galan, P.; Hercberg, S.; Bellisle, F. Dietary patterns and their sociodemographic and behavioural correlates in French middle-aged adults from the SU.VI.MAX cohort. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 63, 521–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pérez-Tepayo, S.; Rodríguez-Ramírez, S.; Unar-Munguía, M.; Shamah-Levy, T. Trends in the dietary patterns of Mexican adults by sociodemographic characteristics. Nutr. J. 2020, 19, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Northstone, K.; Emmett, P.M. Dietary patterns of men in ALSPAC: Associations with socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, nutrient intake and comparison with women’s dietary patterns. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 64, 978–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sánchez-Villegas, A.; Delgado-Rodríguez, M.; Martínez-González, M.Á.; de Irala-Estévez, J.; Martínez, J.A.; De la Fuente, C.; Alonso, A.; Guillén-Grima, F.; Aguinaga, I.; Rubio, C.; et al. Gender, age, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with major dietary patterns in the Spanish project SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra). Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 57, 285–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Maksimov, S.; Karamnova, N.; Shalnova, S.; Drapkina, O. Sociodemographic and Regional Determinants of Dietary Patterns in Russia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chastin, S.F.M.; Buck, C.; Freiberger, E.; Murphy, M.; Brug, J.; Cardon, G.; O’Donoghue, G.; Pigeot, I.; Oppert, J.-M. Systematic literature review of determinants of sedentary behaviour in older adults: A DEDIPAC study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2015, 12, 127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xiao, Q.; Keadle, S.K.; Berrigan, D.; Matthews, C.E. A prospective investigation of neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and physical activity and sedentary behavior in older adults. Prev. Med. 2018, 111, 14–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Lenthe, F.J.; Brug, J.; MacKenbach, J.P. Neighbourhood inequalities in physical inactivity: The role of neighbourhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands. Soc. Sci. Med. 2005, 60, 763–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Darin-Mattsson, A.; Fors, S.; Kåreholt, I. Different indicators of socioeconomic status and their relative importance as determinants of health in old age. Int. J. Equity Health 2017, 16, 173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Townsend, P. Deprivation. J. Soc. Policy 1987, 16, 125–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carstairs, V.; Morris, R. Deprivation and health in Scotland. Health Bull. 1990, 48, 162–175. [Google Scholar]
- Martinez-Beneito, M.A.; Vergara-Hernández, C.; Botella-Rocamora, P.; Corpas-Burgos, F.; Pérez-Panadés, J.; Zurriaga, Ó.; Aldasoro, E.; Borrell, C.; Cabeza, E.; Cirera, L.; et al. Geographical variability in mortality in urban areas: A joint analysis of 16 causes of death. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colls, C.; Mias, M.; García-Altés, A. Un índice de privación para reformar el modelo de financiación de la atención primaria en Cataluña. Gac. Sanit. 2020, 34, 44–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garciá-Altés, A.; Ruiz-Munõz, D.; Colls, C.; Mias, M.; Martín Bassols, N. Socioeconomic inequalities in health and the use of healthcare services in Catalonia: Analysis of the individual data of 7.5 million residents. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2018, 72, 871–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Black, J.L.; Macinko, J. Neighborhoods and obesity. Nutr. Rev. 2008, 66, 2–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-González, M.A.; Buil-Cosiales, P.; Corella, D.; Bulló, M.; Fitó, M.; Vioque, J.; Romaguera, D.; Martínez, J.A.; Wärnberg, J.; López-Miranda, J.; et al. Cohort Profile: Design and methods of the PREDIMED-Plus randomized trial. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2018, 48, 387–388o. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology, 3rd ed.; United States of America by Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Fernández-Ballart, J.D.; Piñol, J.L.; Zazpe, I.; Corella, D.; Carrasco, P.; Toledo, E.; Perez-Bauer, M.; Martínez-González, M.Á.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Martn-Moreno, J.M. Relative validity of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in an elderly Mediterranean population of Spain. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 103, 1808–1816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schröder, H.; Zomeño, M.D.; Martínez-González, M.A.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Corella, D.; Vioque, J.; Romaguera, D.; Martínez, J.A.; Tinahones, F.J.; Miranda, J.L.; et al. Validity of the energy-restricted Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. Clin. Nutr. 2021, 40, 4971–4979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schröder, H.; Corella, D.; Salas-salvado, J.; Lamuela-ravento, R.; Ros, E.; Salaverrı, I.; Vinyoles, E.; Go, E. A Short Screener Is Valid for Assessing Mediterranean Diet Adherence among Older. J. Nutr. 2011, 141, 1140–1145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Elosua, R.; Marrugat, J.; Molina, L.; Pons, S.; Pujol, E. Validation of the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire in Spanish men. The MARATHOM Investigators. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994, 139, 1197–1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elosua, R.; Garcia, M.; Aguilar, A.; Molina, L.; Covas, M.I.; Marrugat, J. Validation of the Minnesota leisure time physical activity questionnaire in Spanish women. Investigators of the MARATDON Group. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000, 32, 1431–1437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-González, M.A.; López-Fontana, C.; Varo, J.J.; Sánchez-Villegas, A.; Martinez, J.A. Validation of the Spanish version of the physical activity questionnaire used in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study. Public Health Nutr. 2005, 8, 920–927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Willett, W.; Stampfer, M.J. Total energy intake: Implications of total energy intake for epidemiologic Analyses. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1986, 124, 273–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ochieng, B.M.N. Factors affecting choice of a healthy lifestyle: Implications for nurses. Br. J. Community Nurs. 2006, 11, 78–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Algren, M.H.; Bak, C.K.; Berg-Beckhoff, G.; Andersen, P.T. Health-Risk Behaviour in Deprived Neighbourhoods Compared with Non-Deprived Neighbourhoods: A Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Observational Studies. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0139297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mumme, K.; Conlon, C.; von Hurst, P.; Jones, B.; Stonehouse, W.; Heath, A.-L.M.; Coad, J.; Haskell-Ramsay, C.; de Seymour, J.; Beck, K. Dietary Patterns, Their Nutrients, and Associations with Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Factors in Older New Zealand Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurotani, K.; Honjo, K.; Nakaya, T.; Ikeda, A.; Mizoue, T.; Sawada, N.; Tsugane, S. Diet quality affects the association between census-based neighborhood deprivation and all-cause mortality in japanese men and women: The Japan public health center-based prospective study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Foster, H.M.E.; Celis-Morales, C.A.; Nicholl, B.I.; Petermann-Rocha, F.; Pell, J.P.; Gill, J.M.R.; O’Donnell, C.A.; Mair, F.S. The effect of socioeconomic deprivation on the association between an extended measurement of unhealthy lifestyle factors and health outcomes: A prospective analysis of the UK Biobank cohort. Lancet Public Health 2018, 3, e576–e585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lakshman, R.; McConville, A.; How, S.; Flowers, J.; Wareham, N.; Cosford, P. Association between area-level socioeconomic deprivation and a cluster of behavioural risk factors: Cross-sectional, population-based study. J. Public Health 2011, 33, 234–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Beaulac, J.; Kristjansson, E.; Cummins, S. A systematic review of food deserts, 1966-2007. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2009, 6, A105. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Caspi, C.E.; Sorensen, G.; Subramanian, S.V.; Kawachi, I. The local food environment and diet: A systematic review. Health Place 2012, 18, 1172–1187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lachowycz, K.; Jones, A.P. Does walking explain associations between access to greenspace andlower mortality? Soc. Sci. Med. 2014, 107, 9–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jones, A.; Hillsdon, M.; Coombes, E. Greenspace access, use, and physical activity: Understanding the effects of area deprivation. Prev. Med. 2009, 49, 500–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ek, S. Gender differences in health information behaviour: A Finnish population-based survey. Health Promot. Int. 2015, 30, 736–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wardle, J.; Haase, A.M.; Steptoe, A.; Nillapun, M.; Jonwutiwes, K.; Bellisle, F. Gender Differences in Food Choice: The Contribution of Health Beliefs and Dieting. Ann. Behav. Med. 2004, 27, 107–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
All | High Deprivation Index (≥2.27 Points) | Low Deprivation Index (<2.27 Points) | p-Value # | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1512 | n = 744 | n = 768 | ||
Socio-demographic variables | ||||
Women | 759 (50.2%) | 378 (50.8%) | 381 (49.6%) | 0.679 |
Age (years) | 65.5 (4.80) | 65.3 (4.83) | 65.8 (4.77) | 0.041 |
Civil status * | ||||
Single or religious | 65 (4.31%) | 32 (4.31%) | 33 (4.31%) | 0.794 |
Married | 1145 (75.9%) | 569 (76.6%) | 576 (75.2%) | |
Divorced or widowed | 299 (19.8%) | 142 (19.1%) | 157 (20.5%) | |
Education level * | ||||
Academic or graduate | 345 (22.9%) | 113 (15.3%) | 232 (30.2%) | <0.001 |
Secondary education | 480 (31.9%) | 213 (28.9%) | 267 (34.8%) | |
Primary education or less | 680 (45.2%) | 412 (55.8%) | 268 (34.9%) | |
Employment status * | ||||
Currently working | 304 (20.2%) | 143 (19.3%) | 161 (21.1%) | 0.002 |
Disability | 20 (1.33%) | 14 (1.89%) | 6 (0.79%) | |
Housework | 147 (9.77%) | 92 (12.4%) | 55 (7.20%) | |
Retired | 955 (63.5%) | 450 (60.8%) | 505 (66.1%) | |
Unemployed | 78 (5.19%) | 41 (5.54%) | 37 (4.84%) | |
Anthropometric measurements | ||||
BMI * | ||||
Mean Kg/m2 | 32.4 [30.1;35.1] | 32.4 [30.2;34.9] | 32.4 [30.0;35.4] | 0.883 |
≥27 Kg/m2 | 1494 (99.6%) | 729 (99.6%) | 765 (99.6%) | 1.000 |
Waist circumference * | ||||
Men (cm) | 110 [104;116] | 110 [104;116] | 111 [105;118] | 0.136 |
Women (cm) | 104 [98.1;111] | 104 [98.0;110] | 105 [98.5;112] | 0.084 |
Central obesity | 1404 (93.5%) | 689 (93.7%) | 715 (93.2%) | 0.761 |
Lifestyle | ||||
Adherence to the erMedDiet (score from 0 to 17 points) | 7.86 (2.51) | 7.99 (2.52) | 7.74 (2.50) | 0.046 |
Physical activity (METs/Min/week) | ||||
Light | 839 [224;1678] | 671 [112;1343] | 839 [280;1678] | <0.001 |
Moderate | 140 [0.00;1119] | 140 [0.00;1171] | 43.7 [0.00;1084] | 0.196 |
Vigorous | 83.9 [0.00;1119] | 72.3 [0.00;934] | 112 [0.00;1259] | 0.695 |
Total | 2098 [1105;3525] | 1979 [1069;3357] | 2241 [1133;3776] | 0.044 |
Low physical activity | 763 (50.5%) | 394 (53.0%) | 369 (48.0%) | 0.063 |
High physical activity | 749 (49.5%) | 350 (47.0%) | 399 (52.0%) | |
Sedentary lifestyle | 675 (44.7%) | 299 (40.3%) | 376 (49.9%) | 0.001 |
Daily sleeping time (h/day) * | 7.00 [6.00;8.00] | 7.00 [6.00;8.00] | 7.00 [6.00;8.00] | 0.583 |
Smoking * | 0.972 | |||
Current smoker | 171 (11.3%) | 84 (11.3%) | 87 (11.4%) | |
Former smoker | 617 (40.9%) | 302 (40.6%) | 315 (41.1%) | |
Never smoked | 722 (47.8%) | 358 (48.1%) | 364 (47.5%) | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Dyslipidemia * | 1042 (69.0%) | 520 (70.0%) | 522 (68.0%) | 0.428 |
Hypertension | 1318 (87.2%) | 635 (85.3%) | 683 (88.9%) | 0.045 |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 438 (29.0%) | 204 (27.4%) | 234 (30.5%) | 0.211 |
All | High Deprivation Index (≥2.27 Points) | Low Deprivation Index (<2.27 Points) | p-Value # | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1512 | n = 744 | n = 768 | ||
Full-fat dairy (g/day) | 62.1 [34.6;115] | 58.0 [32.6;111] | 66.4 [37.0;121] | 0.021 |
Low-fat dairy (g/day) | 208 [83.0;319] | 204 [68.1;315] | 213 [98.3;322] | 0.082 |
White meat (g/day) | 68.5 [40.9;84.6] | 70.2 [42.2;84.7] | 67.6 [39.6;84.2] | 0.686 |
Red meat and meat products (g/day) | 88.0 [65.6;120] | 85.9 [63.9;115] | 92.0 [67.6;123] | 0.022 |
Eggs (g/day) | 25.1 [22.0;26.7] | 25.0 [21.6;26.6] | 25.2 [22.4;26.8] | 0.065 |
Fish and seafood (g/day) | 109 [74.8;143] | 108 [75.5;143] | 109 [73.7;143] | 0.963 |
Whole grain cereals (g/day) | 7.39 [0.22;73.9] | 5.22 [0.00;67.7] | 10.8 [0.38;74.1] | 0.046 |
Refined cereals (g/day) | 103 [61.1;155] | 108 [63.4;167] | 98.3 [59.5;143] | 0.004 |
Legumes (g/day) | 17.4 [13.0;24.1] | 17.9 [13.3;24.2] | 17.0 [12.9;24.1] | 0.100 |
Fruits (g/day) | 299 [200;401] | 289 [194;377] | 311 [209;413] | 0.008 |
Vegetables (g/day) | 305 [233;395] | 301 [234;396] | 310 [231;394] | 0.918 |
Nuts (g/day) | 8.87 [3.90;20.4] | 9.00 [4.32;20.0] | 8.75 [3.58;20.6] | 0.378 |
Olive oil and olives (g/day) | 56.5 [45.1;66.8] | 55.1 [44.4;66.8] | 57.2 [45.9;66.7] | 0.175 |
Other fat or oils, full-fat dairy derivatives and processed meal (g/day) | 6.46 [3.13;11.7] | 6.49 [3.15;11.9] | 6.36 [3.11;11.4] | 0.895 |
Potatoes (g/day) | 90.7 [47.2;103] | 92.0 [51.8;104] | 90.3 [42.9;102] | 0.014 |
Biscuits and pastries (g/day) | 14.4 [6.33;27.0] | 15.1 [6.77;29.1] | 13.8 [6.02;24.3] | 0.023 |
Sugar, sweets, chocolate and cocoa (g/day) | 14.4 [6.13;26.9] | 14.8 [6.12;27.3] | 14.2 [6.14;26.7] | 0.831 |
Sugary beverages and juices (g/day) | 35.4 [9.19;112] | 36.7 [8.93;104] | 34.6 [9.67;115] | 0.750 |
Sugar-free beverages (g/day) | 1.29 [0.00;13.3] | 1.03 [0.00;11.6] | 1.67 [0.00;15.0] | 0.002 |
Coffee and tea (g/day) | 92.9 [48.7;127] | 71.0 [47.3;126] | 100 [50.4;129] | 0.005 |
Cava and beers (g/day) | 50.7 [11.9;119] | 48.4 [7.45;117] | 53.5 [16.5;121] | 0.129 |
Spirits beverages (g/day) | 1.05 [0.00;3.10] | 0.91 [0.00;3.11] | 1.26 [0.00;3.09] | 0.040 |
Wines (g/day) | 27.6 [5.65;76.0] | 24.4 [1.98;69.5] | 30.6 [8.19;78.9] | 0.014 |
Unhealthy Dietary Pattern and Low Physical Activity | Unhealthy Dietary Pattern and High Physical Activity | Healthy Dietary Pattern and Low Physical Activity | Healthy Dietary Pattern and High Physical Activity | p-Overall # | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 435 | n = 373 | n = 328 | n = 376 | ||
Socio-demographic variables | |||||
Women | 192 (44.1%) | 118 (31.6%) a | 224 (68.3%) a | 225 (59.8%) a,b,c | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 65.1 (5.08) | 65.1 (5.05) | 65.8 (4.63) | 66.1 (4.27) a,b | 0.003 |
Civil status | a | b | 0.024 | ||
Single or religious | 20 (4.61%) | 13 (3.49%) | 15 (4.57%) | 17 (4.55%) | |
Married | 312 (71.9%) | 307 (82.3%) | 239 (72.9%) | 287 (76.7%) | |
Divorced or widowed | 102 (23.5%) | 53 (14.2%) | 74 (22.6%) | 70 (18.7%) | |
Education level * | 0.112 | ||||
Academic or graduate | 108 (24.8%) | 90 (24.2%) | 68 (20.8%) | 79 (21.3%) | |
Secondary education | 149 (34.3%) | 124 (33.3%) | 91 (27.8%) | 116 (31.3%) | |
Illiterate or primary education | 178 (40.9%) | 158 (42.5%) | 168 (51.4%) | 176 (47.4%) | |
Employment status * | a | a | a,b,c | 0.001 | |
Currently working | 129 (29.8%) | 64 (17.3%) | 62 (19.0%) | 49 (13.1%) | |
Disability | 7 (1.62%) | 4 (1.08%) | 9 (2.76%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
Housework | 39 (9.01%) | 27 (7.30%) | 36 (11.0%) | 45 (12.0%) | |
Retires | 241 (55.7%) | 249 (67.3%) | 200 (61.3%) | 265 (70.7%) | |
Unemployed | 17 (3.93%) | 26 (7.03%) | 19 (5.83%) | 16 (4.27%) | |
CSI | 0.270 | ||||
High deprivation index OYWX(≥2.27 points) | 227 (52.2%) | 177 (47.5%) | 167 (50.9%) | 173 (46.0%) | |
Low deprivation index OYWX(<2.27 points) | 208 (47.8%) | 196 (52.5%) | 161 (49.1%) | 203 (54.0%) | |
CSI (score) | 2.48 [1.83;3.26] | 2.26 [1.83;3.22] | 2.40 [1.94;3.07] | 2.26 [1.78;3.12] | 0.436 |
Anthropometric measurements | |||||
BMI * | |||||
Kg/m2 | 33.1 [30.3;35.8] | 31.6 [29.6;34.2] a | 33.0 [30.5;36.1] b | 32.1 [30.0;34.5] a,c | <0.001 |
≥27 Kg/m2 | 432 (100%) | 371 (99.7%) | 321 (99.1%) | 370 (99.5%) | 0.169 |
Waist circumference * | |||||
Men (cm) | 113 [106;119] | 109 [104;115] a | 111 [106;116] | 109 [104;116] a | <0.001 |
Women (cm) | 106 [98.2;114] | 104 [97.6;110] | 106 [100;111] | 103 [97.0;109] | 0.053 |
Central obesity | 411 (94.7%) | 331 (88.7%) a | 311 (96.3%) b | 351 (94.4%) a,b | <0.001 |
Lifestyle | |||||
Adherence to erMedDiet (score) | 7.00 [5.00;8.00] | 7.00 [5.00;8.00] | 9.00 [7.00;10.0] a,b | 9.00 [8.00;11.0] a,b | <0.001 |
Sedentary lifestyle | 226 (52.0%) | 157 (42.1%) a | 159 (48.8%) b | 133 (35.4%) a,b | <0.001 |
Daily sleeping time (h/day) * | 7.00 [6.00;8.00] | 7.00 [6.00;8.00] | 7.00 [6.00;8.00] | 7.00 [6.00;8.00] | 0.743 |
Smoking * | a | a,b | b | <0.001 | |
Smoker | 65 (15.0%) | 48 (12.9%) | 28 (8.54%) | 30 (8.00%) | |
Former smoker | 172 (39.6%) | 182 (48.8%) | 108 (32.9%) | 155 (41.3%) | |
Never smoked | 197 (45.4%) | 143 (38.3%) | 192 (58.5%) | 190 (50.7%) | |
Clinical morbidities | |||||
Dyslipidemia * | 285 (65.5%) | 248 (66.5%) | 235 (71.9%) | 274 (72.9%) | 0.059 |
Hypertension | 386 (88.7%) | 334 (89.5%) | 273 (83.2%) | 325 (86.4%) | 0.056 |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 114 (26.2%) | 106 (28.4%) | 111 (33.8%) | 107 (28.5%) | 0.139 |
Healthy Dietary Pattern and High Physical Activity | Unhealthy Dietary Pattern and Low Physical Activity OR [95% CI] | Unhealthy Dietary Pattern and High Physical Activity OR [95% CI] | Healthy Dietary Pattern and Low Physical Activity OR [95% CI] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CSI (high deprivation index) | ref. | 1.42 [1.06,1.89] * | 1.09 [0.81,1.48] | 1.24 [0.91,1.68] |
Sex (women) | ref. | 0.66 [0.47,0.94] * | 0.31 [0.22,0.46] ** | 1.60 [1.10,2.34] * |
Age (years) | ref. | 0.97 [0.94,1.00] | 0.97 [0.94,1.00] | 0.98 [0.94,1.01] |
Smoking (former smoker) | ref. | 0.47 [0.28,0.79] * | 0.67 [0.40,1.14] | 0.72 [0.40,1.29] |
Smoking (never smoked) | ref. | 0.67 [0.39,1.12] | 0.79 [0.46,1.37] | 0.97 [0.54,1.76] |
Waist circumference (cm) | ref. | 1.03 [1.03,1.01] ** | 1.00 [0.98,1.02] | 1.01 [1.00,1.03] |
Sedentary lifestyle (yes) | ref. | 1.81 [1.34,2.43] ** | 1.20 [0.88,1.63] | 1.75 [1.28,2.39] |
Hypertension (yes) | ref. | 1.33 [0.85,2.06] | 1.39 [0.88,2.20] | 0.82 [0.53,1.26] |
Dyslipidemia (yes) | ref. | 0.79 [0.57,1.08] | 0.87 [0.63,1.20] | 0.93 [0.66,1.31] |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (yes) | ref. | 0.77 [0.56,1.07] | 0.89 [0.63,1.24] | 1.21 [0.86,1.69] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Basora, J.; Villalobos, F.; Pallejà-Millán, M.; Babio, N.; Goday, A.; Zomeño, M.D.; Pintó, X.; Sacanella, E.; Salas-Salvadó, J. Deprivation Index and Lifestyle: Baseline Cross-Sectional Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Catalonia Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103408
Basora J, Villalobos F, Pallejà-Millán M, Babio N, Goday A, Zomeño MD, Pintó X, Sacanella E, Salas-Salvadó J. Deprivation Index and Lifestyle: Baseline Cross-Sectional Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Catalonia Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13(10):3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103408
Chicago/Turabian StyleBasora, Josep, Felipe Villalobos, Meritxell Pallejà-Millán, Nancy Babio, Albert Goday, María Dolores Zomeño, Xavier Pintó, Emilio Sacanella, and Jordi Salas-Salvadó. 2021. "Deprivation Index and Lifestyle: Baseline Cross-Sectional Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Catalonia Study" Nutrients 13, no. 10: 3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103408
APA StyleBasora, J., Villalobos, F., Pallejà-Millán, M., Babio, N., Goday, A., Zomeño, M. D., Pintó, X., Sacanella, E., & Salas-Salvadó, J. (2021). Deprivation Index and Lifestyle: Baseline Cross-Sectional Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Catalonia Study. Nutrients, 13(10), 3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103408