Breakfast Consumption Habit and Its Nutritional Contribution in Latin America: Results from the ELANS Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Sample
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Definition of Breakfast
2.4. Anthropometric, Sociodemographic and Physical Activity Data
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Total (n) | Breakfast Classification | p * | Logistic Regression | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breakfast Skipper | Occasional Consumer | Regular Breakfast Consumer | Univariate Logistic Regression | Multiple Logistic Regression | ||||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI | |||
Sex | ||||||||||||||
Male | 4409 | 238 | 5.4 | 721 | 16.4 | 3450 | 78.3 | 0.534 | reference | reference | ||||
Female | 4809 | 266 | 5.5 | 746 | 15.5 | 3797 | 79.0 | 0.97 | 0.089 | [0.81–1.17] | 0.96 | 0.914 | [0.84–1.22] | |
Age group | ||||||||||||||
15–19 y | 1223 | 83 | 6.8 | 235 | 19.2 | 905 | 74.0 | p < 0.001 | reference | reference | ||||
20–34 y | 3479 | 189 | 5.4 | 618 | 17.8 | 2672 | 76.8 | 1.27 | 0.082 | [0.97–1.66] | 1.20 | 0.201 | [0.91–1.60] | |
35–49 y | 2627 | 143 | 5.4 | 385 | 14.7 | 2099 | 79.9 | 1.26 | 0.099 | [0.96–1.67] | 1.19 | 0.257 | [0.88–1.62] | |
50–65 y | 1889 | 89 | 4.7 | 229 | 12.1 | 1571 | 83.2 | 1.47 | 0.014 | [1.08–2.00] | 1.49 | 0.021 | [1.06–2.10] | |
Socioeconomic level | ||||||||||||||
High | 880 | 36 | 4.1 | 128 | 14.5 | 716 | 81.4 | 0.219 | reference | reference | ||||
Medium | 3542 | 194 | 5.5 | 574 | 16.2 | 2774 | 78.3 | 0.74 | 0.099 | [0.51–1.06] | 0.75 | 0.129 | [0.51–1.09] | |
Low | 4796 | 274 | 5.7 | 765 | 16.0 | 3757 | 78.3 | 0.70 | 0.053 | [0.49–1.00] | 0.70 | 0.059 | [0.49–1.01] | |
Body weight status | ||||||||||||||
Underweight | 306 | 27 | 8.8 | 50 | 16.3 | 229 | 74.8 | 0.155 | reference | reference | ||||
Normal weight | 3420 | 188 | 5.5 | 549 | 16.1 | 2683 | 78.5 | 0.60 | 0.018 | [0.39--0.92] | 0.63 | 0.040 | [0.41–0.98] | |
Overweight | 3167 | 165 | 5.2 | 483 | 15.3 | 2519 | 79.5 | 1.06 | 0.605 | [0.85–1.31] | 0.99 | 0.944 | [0.79–1.25] | |
Obese | 2315 | 124 | 5.4 | 384 | 16.6 | 1807 | 78.1 | 1.03 | 0.818 | [0.81–1.30] | 0.96 | 0.737 | [0.75–1.23] | |
Physical Activity | ||||||||||||||
Insufficiently active | 4196 | 256 | 6.1 | 667 | 15.9 | 3273 | 78.0 | 0.024 | reference | reference | ||||
Active | 4636 | 223 | 4.8 | 728 | 15.7 | 3685 | 79.5 | 1.29 | 0.008 | [1.07–1.55] | 1.29 | 0.007 | [1.07–1.55] |
Dietary Component | Country | ||||||||||||||
Argentina | Brazil | Chile | Colombia | Costa Rica | |||||||||||
Mean | SD | % DI | Mean | SD | % DI | Mean | SD | % DI | Mean | SD | % DI | Mean | SD | % DI | |
Energy (kcal) | 319 | 225 | 16 | 403 | 247 | 23 | 400 | 208 | 24 | 527 | 286 | 26 | 411 | 241 | 23 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 60 | 37 | 22 | 57 | 34 | 26 | 59 | 31 | 26 | 71 | 41 | 25 | 61 | 35 | 23 |
Protein (g) | 9 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 17 | 14 | 9 | 22 | 19 | 11 | 24 | 13 | 10 | 21 |
Fat (g) | 8 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 24 | 12 | 9 | 23 | 20 | 15 | 28 | 14 | 11 | 25 |
Saturated fat (g) | 4 | 5 | 13 | 5 | 5 | 27 | 6 | 4 | 27 | 8 | 6 | 31 | 5 | 4 | 27 |
Added sugar (g) | 21 | 21 | 28 | 14 | 16 | 31 | 12 | 13 | 27 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 15 | 13 | 29 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 2 | 2 | 16 | 3 | 2 | 22 | 3 | 2 | 21 | 4 | 3 | 24 | 5 | 4 | 27 |
Sodium (mg) | 327 | 312 | 13 | 575 | 1089 | 21 | 553 | 357 | 23 | 530 | 411 | 29 | 616 | 457 | 23 |
Vitamin A (mcg) | 67.8 | 167.9 | 13 | 133.7 | 171.2 | 35 | 123.9 | 154.4 | 26 | 171.8 | 266.7 | 32 | 186.1 | 223 | 33 |
Thiamin (B1) (mg) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 22 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 27 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 27 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 31 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 27 |
Riboflavin (B2) (mg) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 21 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 35 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 30 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 38 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 37 |
Niacin (B3) (mg) | 2.8 | 2.7 | 14 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 19 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 22 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 23 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 22 |
Pyridoxine (B6) (mg) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 12 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 16 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 18 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 17 |
Cobalamin (B12) (mcg) | 0.4 | 0.7 | 12 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 21 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 22 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 31 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 20 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 3.7 | 17.4 | 8 | 22.6 | 108.8 | 17 | 6.6 | 17.1 | 10 | 17.8 | 42.6 | 14 | 12.7 | 27.1 | 15 |
Vitamin D (mcg) | 0.8 | 1.2 | 20 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 16 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 29 | 2.3 | 2 | 44 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 30 |
Calcium (mg) | 129 | 151 | 18 | 168 | 163 | 36 | 170 | 170 | 31 | 323 | 230 | 43 | 129 | 129 | 28 |
Iron (mg) | 2.4 | 2.1 | 17 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 26 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 26 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 27 | 3.6 | 2.5 | 26 |
Potassium (mg) | 256 | 206 | 15 | 362 | 286 | 19 | 303 | 225 | 17 | 650 | 436 | 23 | 460 | 302 | 22 |
Magnesium (mg) | 29.7 | 23.7 | 15 | 39.7 | 29.8 | 20 | 38.3 | 23.1 | 21 | 70.4 | 42.8 | 26 | 55.9 | 42.5 | 23 |
Zinc (mg) | 4.8 | 5 | 22 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 16 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 20 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 23 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 20 |
Dietary Component | Country | ELANS | |||||||||||||
Ecuador | Peru | Venezuela | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | % DI | Mean | SD | % DI | Mean | SD | % DI | Mean | SD | % DI | ||||
Energy (kcal) | 544 | 288 | 25 | 472 | 227 | 23 | 511 | 247 | 27 | 444 | 258 | 23 | |||
Carbohydrate (g) | 76 | 41 | 26 | 75 | 36 | 22 | 64 | 31 | 27 | 65 | 36 | 25 | |||
Protein (g) | 19 | 12 | 22 | 17 | 10 | 21 | 18 | 10 | 24 | 15 | 11 | 20 | |||
Fat (g) | 20 | 15 | 26 | 14 | 10 | 25 | 21 | 15 | 32 | 15 | 13 | 24 | |||
Saturated fat (g) | 7 | 6 | 30 | 4 | 4 | 28 | 7 | 5 | 33 | 6 | 5 | 27 | |||
Added sugar (g) | 16 | 10 | 36 | 18 | 13 | 30 | 17 | 14 | 30 | 16 | 15 | 30 | |||
Dietary fiber (g) | 4 | 3 | 23 | 4 | 3 | 22 | 4 | 3 | 29 | 3 | 3 | 23 | |||
Sodium (mg) | 968 | 733 | 20 | 395 | 264 | 39 | 879 | 437 | 31 | 589 | 656 | 25 | |||
Vitamin A (mcg) | 201.9 | 688.2 | 29 | 171.9 | 234.3 | 30 | 131.4 | 112.8 | 32 | 144.8 | 280.6 | 29 | |||
Thiamin (B1) (mg) | 0.5 | 0.3 | 27 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 24 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 35 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 27 | |||
Riboflavin (B2) (mg) | 0.5 | 0.4 | 35 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 31 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 36 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 33 | |||
Niacin (B3) (mg) | 5.4 | 3.8 | 21 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 19 | 6.1 | 3.2 | 26 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 20 | |||
Pyridoxine (B6) (mg) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 17 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 15 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 23 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 16 | |||
Cobalamin (B12) (mcg) | 1.4 | 5.0 | 31 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 21 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 30 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 23 | |||
Vitamin C (mg) | 24.2 | 43.3 | 16 | 21.0 | 45.3 | 18 | 30.6 | 49.6 | 21 | 18.0 | 60.2 | 15 | |||
Vitamin D (mcg) | 2.0 | 2.4 | 37 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 33 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 36 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 29 | |||
Calcium (mg) | 273 | 181 | 38 | 163 | 139 | 33 | 264 | 221 | 39 | 202 | 190 | 34 | |||
Iron (mg) | 3.6 | 2.5 | 24 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 27 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 30 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 25 | |||
Potassium (mg) | 648 | 499 | 23 | 474 | 335 | 21 | 448 | 305 | 23 | 441 | 357 | 20 | |||
Magnesium (mg) | 67.2 | 41.2 | 24 | 62.1 | 34.4 | 23 | 73.6 | 35.8 | 30 | 53.5 | 37.8 | 22 | |||
Zinc (mg) | 2.2 | 1.5 | 21 | 2.2 | 6.8 | 21 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 26 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 21 |
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Fisberg, M.; Kovalskys, I.; Previdelli, A.N.; Pereira, J.L.; Zimberg, I.Z.; Fisberg, R.; Ferrari, G.; Guajardo, V.; the ELANS Study Group. Breakfast Consumption Habit and Its Nutritional Contribution in Latin America: Results from the ELANS Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082397
Fisberg M, Kovalskys I, Previdelli AN, Pereira JL, Zimberg IZ, Fisberg R, Ferrari G, Guajardo V, the ELANS Study Group. Breakfast Consumption Habit and Its Nutritional Contribution in Latin America: Results from the ELANS Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082397
Chicago/Turabian StyleFisberg, Mauro, Irina Kovalskys, Agatha Nogueira Previdelli, Jaqueline Lopes Pereira, Ioná Zalcman Zimberg, Regina Fisberg, Gerson Ferrari, Viviana Guajardo, and the ELANS Study Group. 2020. "Breakfast Consumption Habit and Its Nutritional Contribution in Latin America: Results from the ELANS Study" Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082397