Adherence to the Mediterranean Lifestyle and Desired Body Weight Loss in a Mediterranean Adult Population with Overweight: A PREDIMED-Plus Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants, Recruitment and Ethics
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. MedDiet Adherence Assessment
2.5. Desired Weight-Loss (DWL)
2.6. Other Variables
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Availability of Data and Materials
References
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Item | Compliance with the Item | |
---|---|---|
1 | Extra-virgin olive oil for cooking | Use only extra-virgin olive oil for cooking, salad dressings, and spreads. |
2 | Vegetables | Consume ≥2 portions (200 g) of vegetables per day, at least one of them raw. |
3 | Fruits | Consume ≥3 portions of fruit per day (including natural fruit juices). |
4 | Red and processed meat | Consume ≤1 serving (100–150 g) of red meat, hamburgers, or meat products (ham, sausage, etc.) per week. |
5 | Butter, margarine, cream. | Consume less than 1 serving (12 g) of butter or cream per week. |
6 | Sugar sweetened beverages | Consume less than one sugary beverage or sugar-sweetened fruit juice per week. |
7 | Legumes | Consume ≥3 servings (150 g) of legumes per week. |
8 | Fish and seafood | Consume ≥3 servings of fish (100–150 g) or shellfish (200 g) per week. |
9 | Sweets and pastries | Consume <3 non-homemade sweets or pastries, such as cakes, cookies, sponge cake, or custard, per week. |
10 | Nuts | Consume ≥3 servings of nuts (including peanuts) per week. |
11 | Preference white over red meat | Consume chicken, turkey or rabbit meat instead of beef, pork, hamburgers or sausages. |
12 | Sofrito | Use sofrito ≥2 times per week (Sofrito: tomato and onion sauce, with garlic and aromatic herbs, simmered in olive oil.). |
13 | Adding sugar to beverages | Replace sugar with non-caloric artificial sweeteners for beverages. |
14 | White bread | Reduce consumption of white bread to >1 serving (75 g)/day. |
15 | Whole grains | Consume whole grain cereals and whole grain pasta ≥ 5 times per week. |
16 | Refined cereals | Reduce consumption of non-whole grain pasta or rice < 3 servings per week. |
17 | Wine | Consume 2–3 glasses (200 mL/glass) of wine per day (men) or 1–2 glasses of wine per day (women). |
Q1 § (n = 1492) | Q2 § (n = 1804) | Q3 § (n = 1470) | Q4 § (n = 1589) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | P | |
Age (years) | 65.9 (5.0) | 66.0 (8.0) a,b,c | 65.0 (4.8) | 65.0 (8.0) a,e | 64.8 (4.9) | 65.0 (7.0) b,f | 64.3 (4.7) | 64.0 (7.0) c,e,f | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8 (2.2) | 29.5 (2.9) a,b,c | 31.5 (2.8) | 31.2 (3.7) a,d,e | 33.2 (2.9) | 33.0 (4.0) b,d,f | 35.5 (2.9) | 35.5 (4.3) c,e,f | <0.001 |
Perceived BMI (kg/m2) | 30.0 (2.7) | 29.6 (3.1) a,b,c | 31.5 (2.9) | 31.2 (3.9) a,d,e | 33.2 (3.3) | 32.8 (4.1) b,d,f | 35.4 (3.3) | 35.4 (4.6) c,e,f | <0.001 |
Physical activity (PA) † | |||||||||
Total (PA) † | 2730.8 (2459.4) | 2106.3 (2540.8) b,c | 2583.7 (2242.9) | 2055.9 (2641.6) d,e | 2387.7 (2311.2) | 1762.7 (2454.6) b,d,f | 2173.4 (2194.7) | 1585.1 (2394.4) c,e,f | <0.001 |
Light PA † | 792.8 (974.7) | 447.6 (1118.9) | 753.9 (940.5) | 447.6 (1118.9) | 761.5 (949.6) | 447.6 (1118.9) | 758.8 (957.2) | 447.6 (1118.9) | 0.667 |
Moderate PA † | 1089.1 (1615.8) | 507.0 (1573.4) b,c | 1029.0 (1543.8) | 338.0 (1573.4) e | 906.2 (1534.2) | 279.7 (1398.6) b,f | 758.7 (1374.1) | 0.0 (1049.0) c,e,f | <0.001 |
Intense PA † | 848.8 (1633.4) | 86.7 (1118.9) c | 800.8 (1370.7) | 111.9 (1118.9) d,e | 720.0 (1384.8) | 83.9 (925.4) d | 655.8 (1277.3) | 55.9 (839.2) c,e | <0.001 |
Diet | |||||||||
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2361.1 (535.8) | 2334.4 (708.6) | 2368 (541.7) | 2326 (733.4) | 2376.2 (555.6) | 2350.3 (771.2) | 2356.4 (569.5) | 2318.7 (780.0) | 0.711 |
MedDiet Q score | 8.7 (2.7) b,c | 9.0 (4.0) | 8.5 (2.7) | 8.0 (3.0) | 8.4 (2.6) b | 8.0 (4.0) | 8.3 (2.6) c | 8.0 (4.0) | <0.001 |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
Gender (female) | 662 (21.4) | 837 (23.0) | 709 (23.0) | 879 (28.5) | <0.001 | ||||
BMI classification | <0.001 | ||||||||
Overweight (BMI < 30) | 877 (51.4) | 588 (34.4) | 190 (11.1) | 52 (3.0) | |||||
Obesity (BMI > 30) | 615 (13.4) | 1214 (26.4) | 1267 (27.6) | 1502 (32.7) | |||||
Education level | 0.089 | ||||||||
Primary | 773 (52.1) | 852 (47.5) | 684 (47.1) | 778 (49.5) | |||||
Secondary | 399 (26.9) | 528 (29.4) | 448 (30.9) | 462 (29.4) | |||||
Tertiary | 312 (21.0) | 413 (23.0) | 320 (22.0) | 332 (21.1) | |||||
Smoking habit | 0.177 | ||||||||
Current smoker | 174 (11.7) | 241 (13.4) | 179 (12.3) | 195 (12.3) | |||||
Former smoker | 617 (41.6) | 770 (42.8) | 661 (45.2) | 712 (44.9) | |||||
Never smoked | 693 (46.7) | 787 (43.8) | 621 (42.5) | 678 (42.8) | |||||
Marital status | 0.001 | ||||||||
Married | 1172 (79.0) | 1391 (77.3) | 1123 (76.6) | 1174 (74.1) | |||||
Divorced/separated | 89 (6.0) | 143 (7.9) | 116 (7.9) | 140 (8.8) | |||||
Widower | 173 (11.7) | 166 (9.2) | 151 (10.3) | 175 (11.0) | |||||
Other ‖ | 50 (3.4) | 99 (5.5) | 76 (5.2) | 96 (6.1) | |||||
Living alone ‡ | 155 (10.4) | 238 (13.2) | 176 (12.0) | 211 (13.3) | 0.047 | ||||
Smoking habit | 0.177 | ||||||||
Current smoker | 174 (11.7) | 241 (13.4) | 179 (12.3) | 195 (12.3) | |||||
Former smoker | 617 (41.6) | 770 (42.8) | 661 (45.2) | 712 (44.9) | |||||
Never smoked | 693 (46.7) | 787 (43.8) | 621 (42.5) | 678 (42.8) | |||||
MetS components | |||||||||
High blood pressure | 1373 (92.0) | 1643 (91.1) | 1368 (93.1) | 1462 (92.0) | 0.227 | ||||
Hyperglycemia | 1138 (76.3) | 1330 (73.7) | 1096 (74.6) | 1231 (77.5) | 0.056 | ||||
Hypertriglyceridemia | 835 (56.0) | 1000 (55.4) | 837 (56.9) | 869 (54.7) | 0.644 | ||||
Low HDL-cholesterol | 657 (44.0) | 752 (41.7) | 604 (41.1) | 694 (43.7) | 0.262 | ||||
Abdominal obesity | 1341 (89.9) | 1735 (96.2) | 1445 (98.3) | 1585 (99.7) | <0.001 |
Q1 § (n = 1492) | Q2 § (n = 1804) | Q3 § (n = 1470) | Q4 § (n = 1589) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MedDiet 17-items | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P |
1: EVOO for cooking | 1152 (77.2) | 1454 (80.6) | 1151 (78.3) | 1262 (79.4) | 0.100 |
2: Vegetables | 609 (40.8) | 631 (35.0) | 526 (35.8) | 546 (34.4) | 0.001 |
3: Fruits | 758 (50.8) | 829 (46.0) | 675 (45.9) | 698 (43.9) | 0.001 |
4: Red and processed meat | 772 (51.7) | 856 (47.5) | 654 (44.5) | 745 (46.9) | 0.001 |
5: Butter, margarine, cream. | 1209 (81.0) | 1460 (80.9) | 1161 (79.0) | 1246 (78.4) | 0.149 |
6: Sugar sweetened beverages | 1155 (77.4) | 1354 (75.1) | 1081 (73.5) | 1162 (73.1) | 0.029 |
7: Legumes | 297 (19.9) | 341 (18.9) | 262 (17.8) | 306 (19.3) | 0.532 |
8: Fish and seafood | 690 (46.2) | 875 (48.5) | 684 (46.5) | 714 (44.9) | 0.215 |
9: Sweets and pastries | 908 (60.9) | 1079 (59.8) | 871 (59.3) | 905 (57.0) | 0.151 |
10: Nuts | 650 (43.6) | 814 (45.1) | 550 (37.4) | 545 (34.3) | <0.001 |
11: Preference white over red meat | 1114 (74.7) | 1325 (73.4) | 1092 (74.3) | 1177 (74.1) | 0.879 |
12: Sofrito | 855 (57.3) | 1036 (57.4) | 826 (56.2) | 885 (55.7) | 0.701 |
13: Adding sugar to beverages | 940 (63.0) | 1104 (61.2) | 945 (64.3) | 1080 (68.0) | 0.001 |
14: White bread | 688 (46.1) | 776 (43.0) | 679 (46.2) | 725 (45.6) | 0.198 |
15: Whole grains | 418 (28.0) | 481 (26.7) | 416 (28.3) | 412 (25.9) | 0.398 |
16: Refined cereals | 486 (32.6) | 534 (29.6) | 449 (30.5) | 473 (29.8) | 0.250 |
17: Wine | 342 (22.9) | 463 (25.7) | 329 (22.4) | 317 (19.9) | 0.001 |
MedDiet Adherence | 0.007 | ||||
Low adherence (0–7) | 487 (32.6) | 655 (36.3) | 550 (37.4) | 600 (37.8) | |
Moderate adherence (8–10) | 621 (41.6) | 719 (39.9) | 591 (40.2) | 662 (41.7) | |
High adherence (11–17) | 384 (25.7) | 430 (23.8) | 329 (22.4) | 327 (20.6) |
Q1 § (n = 1492) | Q2 § (n = 1804) | Q3 § (n = 1470) | Q4 § (n = 1589) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MedDiet 17-items | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | P | |
1: EVOO for cooking | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.23(1.04–1.45) | 1.06(0.90–1.27) | 1.14(0.96–1.35) | 0.100 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.26(1.06–1.50) | 1.13(0.93–1.36) | 1.30(1.05–1.61) | 0.030 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.24(1.04–1.48) | 1.11(0.91–1.34) | 1.28(1.04–1.59) | 0.045 | |
2: Vegetables | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.78(0.68–0.90) | 0.81(0.70–0.94) | 0.76(0.66–0.88) | 0.001 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.78(0.68–0.91) | 0.84(0.71–0.99) | 0.80(0.67–0.96) | 0.012 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.77(0.67–0.90) | 0.84(0.71–0.99) | 0.80(0.66–0.96) | 0.008 | |
3: Fruits | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.82(0.72–0.94) | 0.82(0.71–0.95) | 0.76(0.66–0.87) | 0.001 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.86(0.74–0.99) | 0.86(0.73–1.01) | 0.80(0.67–0.96) | 0.077 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.87(0.75–1.00) | 0.87(0.74–1.03) | 0.81(0.68–0.97) | 0.133 | |
4: Red and processed meat | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.84(0.73–0.97) | 0.75(0.65–0.86) | 0.82(0.71–0.95) | 0.001 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.85(0.74–0.98) | 0.78(0.66–0.92) | 0.85(0.71–1.02) | 0.022 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.85(0.73–0.98) | 0.78(0.66–0.92) | 0.85(0.71–1.02) | 0.024 | |
5: Butter, margarine, cream | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.99(0.83–1.18) | 0.88(0.73–1.05) | 0.85(0.71–1.01) | 0.149 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02(0.85–1.22) | 0.91(0.75–1.11) | 0.90(0.72–1.12) | 0.535 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.02(0.85–1.23) | 0.92(0.75–1.12) | 0.91(0.73–1.13) | 0.559 | |
6: Sugar sweetened beverages | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.88(0.75–1.03) | 0.81(0.69–0.96) | 0.79(0.67–0.94) | 0.029 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.89(0.75–1.05) | 0.82(0.68–0.98) | 0.81(0.66–0.99) | 0.149 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.89(0.75–1.05) | 0.82(0.68–0.98) | 0.81(0.66–0.99) | 0.147 | |
7: Legumes | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.94(0.79–1.12) | 0.87(0.73–1.05) | 0.96(0.80–1.15) | 0.533 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97(0.81–1.16) | 0.94(0.77–1.15) | 1.06(0.85–1.33) | 0.637 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98(0.81–1.17) | 0.95(0.77–1.16) | 1.06(0.85–1.33) | 0.678 | |
8: Fish and seafood | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.09(0.95–1.26) | 1.01(0.88–1.17) | 0.95(0.82–1.09) | 0.215 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.13(0.98–1.30) | 1.05(0.89–1.23) | 1.00(0.84–1.20) | 0.284 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.13(0.98–1.31) | 1.05(0.90–1.24) | 1.01(0.84–1.20) | 0.272 | |
9: Sweets and pastries | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.96(0.83–1.10) | 0.94(0.81–1.08) | 0.85(0.74–0.98) | 0.151 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98(0.85–1.14) | 1.00(0.84–1.18) | 0.90(0.75–1.08) | 0.598 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98(0.85–1.14) | 1.00(0.85–1.18) | 0.90(0.75–1.08) | 0.596 | |
10: Nuts | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.07(0.93–1.22) | 0.77(0.67–0.90) | 0.68(0.58–0.78) | <0.001 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.14(0.98–1.32) | 0.88(0.75–1.03) | 0.85(0.71–1.02) | 0.001 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.14(0.98–1.31) | 0.88(0.75–1.03) | 0.85(0.71–1.02) | 0.001 | |
11: Preference for white over red meat | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.94(0.80–1.10) | 0.98(0.83–1.16) | 0.97(0.82–1.14) | 0.879 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.95(0.81–1.12) | 1.03(0.85–1.23) | 1.01(0.82–1.24) | 0.802 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.96(0.81–1.13) | 1.04(0.87–1.25) | 1.02(0.83–1.25) | 0.785 | |
12: Sofrito | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.01(0.87–1.15) | 0.96(0.83–1.11) | 0.94(0.81–1.08) | 0.701 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.03(0.89–1.19) | 1.02(0.87–1.20) | 1.06(0.88–1.26) | 0.940 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04(0.90–1.20) | 1.03(0.88–1.21) | 1.06(0.89–1.26) | 0.934 | |
13: Adding sugar to beverages | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.93(0.80–1.07) | 1.06(0.91–1.23) | 1.25(1.07–1.45) | 0.001 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.85(0.73–0.99) | 0.93(0.79–1.10) | 1.00(0.83–1.20) | 0.093 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.86(0.74–0.99) | 0.95(0.80–1.12) | 1.01(0.84–1.22) | 0.112 | |
14: White bread | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.88(0.77–1.01) | 1.00(0.87–1.16) | 0.98(0.85–1.13) | 0.198 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.84(0.72–0.97) | 0.97(0.82–1.14) | 0.85(0.71–1.02) | 0.048 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.83(0.72–0.97) | 0.97(0.82–1.14) | 0.85(0.70–1.02) | 0.037 | |
15: Whole grains | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.93(0.80–1.09) | 1.01(0.86–1.19) | 0.90(0.77–1.05) | 0.398 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.91(0.78–1.07) | 0.99(0.83–1.19) | 0.85(0.70–1.04) | 0.246 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.91(0.77–1.07) | 1.00(0.83–1.19) | 0.85(0.70–1.04) | 0.215 | |
16: Refined cereals | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.87(0.75–1.01) | 0.91(0.78–1.06) | 0.88(0.75–1.02) | 0.251 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.85(0.73–0.99) | 0.88(0.74–1.04) | 0.79(0.65–0.96) | 0.089 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.84(0.72–0.98) | 0.87(0.73–1.04) | 0.78(0.65–0.95) | 0.066 | |
17: Wine | Crude OR | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.16(0.99–1.36) | 0.97(0.82–1.15) | 0.84(0.71–1.00) | 0.001 |
OR adjusted 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.27(1.07–1.51) | 1.11(0.91–1.35) | 1.11(0.89–1.38) | 0.045 | |
OR adjusted 2 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.25(1.05–1.49) | 1.08(0.89–1.32) | 1.10(0.88–1.37) | 0.069 |
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Bouzas, C.; Bibiloni, M.d.M.; Julibert, A.; Ruiz-Canela, M.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Corella, D.; Zomeño, M.D.; Romaguera, D.; Vioque, J.; Alonso-Gómez, Á.M.; Wärnberg, J.; Martínez, J.A.; Serra-Majem, L.; Estruch, R.; Tinahones, F.J.; Lapetra, J.; Pintó, X.; García Ríos, A.; Bueno-Cavanillas, A.; Gaforio, J.J.; Matía-Martín, P.; Daimiel, L.; Martín-Sánchez, V.; Vidal, J.; Vázquez, C.; Ros, E.; Fernandez-Lázaro, C.I.; Becerra-Tomás, N.; Gimenez-Alba, I.M.; Muñoz, J.; Morey, M.; Oncina-Canovas, A.; Tojal-Sierra, L.; Pérez-López, J.; Abete, I.; Casañas-Quintana, T.; Castro-Barquero, S.; Bernal-López, M.R.; Santos-Lozano, J.M.; Galera, A.; Angullo-Martinez, E.; Basterra-Gortari, F.J.; Basora, J.; Saiz, C.; Castañer, O.; Martín, M.; Notario-Barandiarán, L.; Belló-Mora, M.C.; Sayón-Orea, C.; García-Gavilán, J.; Goday, A.; Tur, J.A. Adherence to the Mediterranean Lifestyle and Desired Body Weight Loss in a Mediterranean Adult Population with Overweight: A PREDIMED-Plus Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072114
Bouzas C, Bibiloni MdM, Julibert A, Ruiz-Canela M, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Zomeño MD, Romaguera D, Vioque J, Alonso-Gómez ÁM, Wärnberg J, Martínez JA, Serra-Majem L, Estruch R, Tinahones FJ, Lapetra J, Pintó X, García Ríos A, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Gaforio JJ, Matía-Martín P, Daimiel L, Martín-Sánchez V, Vidal J, Vázquez C, Ros E, Fernandez-Lázaro CI, Becerra-Tomás N, Gimenez-Alba IM, Muñoz J, Morey M, Oncina-Canovas A, Tojal-Sierra L, Pérez-López J, Abete I, Casañas-Quintana T, Castro-Barquero S, Bernal-López MR, Santos-Lozano JM, Galera A, Angullo-Martinez E, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Basora J, Saiz C, Castañer O, Martín M, Notario-Barandiarán L, Belló-Mora MC, Sayón-Orea C, García-Gavilán J, Goday A, Tur JA. Adherence to the Mediterranean Lifestyle and Desired Body Weight Loss in a Mediterranean Adult Population with Overweight: A PREDIMED-Plus Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(7):2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072114
Chicago/Turabian StyleBouzas, Cristina, Maria del Mar Bibiloni, Alicia Julibert, Miguel Ruiz-Canela, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Dolores Corella, Maria Dolors Zomeño, Dora Romaguera, Jesús Vioque, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, J. Alfredo Martínez, Luís Serra-Majem, Ramon Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José Lapetra, Xavier Pintó, Antonio García Ríos, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas, José J. Gaforio, Pilar Matía-Martín, Lidia Daimiel, Vicente Martín-Sánchez, Josep Vidal, Clotilde Vázquez, Emilio Ros, Cesar Ignacio Fernandez-Lázaro, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Ignacio Manuel Gimenez-Alba, Julia Muñoz, Marga Morey, Alejandro Oncina-Canovas, Lucas Tojal-Sierra, Jéssica Pérez-López, Itziar Abete, Tamara Casañas-Quintana, Sara Castro-Barquero, M. Rosa Bernal-López, José Manuel Santos-Lozano, Ana Galera, Escarlata Angullo-Martinez, F. Javier Basterra-Gortari, Josep Basora, Carmen Saiz, Olga Castañer, Marian Martín, Leyre Notario-Barandiarán, María C. Belló-Mora, Carmen Sayón-Orea, Jesús García-Gavilán, Albert Goday, and Josep A. Tur. 2020. "Adherence to the Mediterranean Lifestyle and Desired Body Weight Loss in a Mediterranean Adult Population with Overweight: A PREDIMED-Plus Study" Nutrients 12, no. 7: 2114. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072114