Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Negative Correlation between Vitamin K Status and Uncarboxylated VKDPs including OC
3. Recent Topics on the Impact of Vitamin K Deficiency on Bone Health
3.1. Vitamin K and cOC Deficiency May Predispose to Diabetes-Related Bone Damage
3.2. Vitamin K Deficiency Is Associated with Bone Fractures
4. Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Bone Turnover Rate, Bone Mineral Density, and Fractures
5. Possible Implications of Combined Vitamin D and K Supplementation on Bone Quality
6. The Role of MGP (Matrix Gla Protein) in Bone Health
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors (Year of Publication) | Subjects | Mean Age (Years) | Average Serum or Plasma Level (nmol/L) | Country | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin K1 | MK-7 | |||||
Nakano et al. | Elderly men | 82.2 | 1.22 | 6.6 | Japan | [12] |
(2011) | Elderly men with fractures | 82.6 | 0.69 | 2.5 | ||
Elderly women | 84.1 | 1.71 | 16.6 | |||
Elderly women with fractures | 85.5 | 1.02 | 4.1 | |||
Kuwabara et al. | Institutionalized elderly men | 84.9 | 1.38 | 1.2 | Japan | [13] |
(2010) | Institutionalized elderly women | 88.7 | 1.31 | 0.8 | ||
Martini et al. (2006) | Postmenopausal women | 70-71 | 1.7–1.8 | - | USA | [14] |
Tsugawa et al. | 30–49 years-old women | 45.4 | 3.37 | 7.6 | Japan | [15] |
(2006) | 50–69 years-old women | 59.6 | 3.86 | 13.0 | ||
70 years-old women | 74.9 | 2.86 | 6.5 | |||
Beavan et al. | Postmenopausal women (Chinese) | 67.6 | 2.22 | - | UK | [16] |
(2005) | Postmenopausal women (British) | 67.4 | 0.69 | - | ||
Postmenopausal women (Gambian) | 66.7 | 0.80 | - | |||
Booth et al. (2004) | Adult men (vitamin K intake, 151 μg/day) | 59 | 1.54 | - | USA | [17] |
Premenopausal women (vitamin K intake, 17 μg/day) | 47.3 | 1.05 | - | |||
Postmenopausal women (vitamin K intake, 177 μg/day) | 63 | 1.41 | - | |||
Binkley et al. (2002) | Young adult men and women (vitamin K intake, 77–120 μg/day) | 25 | 0.61–1.0 | - | USA | [18] |
Binkley et al. (2002) | Subjects with vitamin K1 intake of 375–500 μg/day | 2–4 | - | USA | [18] | |
Kaneki et al. | Postmenopausal women (Tokyo) | 57.2 | 1.61 | 8.10 | Japan | [19] |
(2001) | Postmenopausal women (Hiroshima) | 67.4 | 1.64 | 1.88 | ||
Binkley et al. | Young adult men | 24 | 0.68 | - | USA | [20] |
(2000) | Young adult women | 0.72 | - | |||
Elderly men | 75 | 1.03 | - | |||
Elderly women | 1.16 | - | ||||
Hodges et al. | Elderly women with fractures | 81.7 | 0.75 | 0.18 | France | [21] |
(1993) | Healthy elderly women | 80 | 1.30 | 0.35 | ||
Gentili A et al. | Healthy subjects (n = 5) | 0.947 | Italy | [8] | ||
(2014) | Patients under oral anticoagulant therapy (n = 5) | 0.691 | ||||
Riphagen et al. (2015) | Renal transplant recipients (n = 60) | 55 | 1.35 (0.89–2.32) | <4.40 | Netherlands | [10] |
Fusaro et al. (2012) | Healthy subjects (n = 62) | 56.8 | 1.36 | 2.53 | Italy | [22] |
Dialysis paients (n = 387) | 64.2 | 0.98 | 0.87 | |||
Holden et al. (2010) | Chronic kidney disease stages 3–5 (average vitamin K intake, 130 µg/day; 17.3–740 µg/day) | 61 | 2.1 (0–19.3) | - | Canada | [23] |
Pilkey et al. (2007) | Dialysis patients | 62.6 | 0.99 | - | Canada | [24] |
Holden et al. (2008) | Peritoneal dialysis patients (average dialysis period, 49 months) | 56 (28.7–85) | Median, 0.7 (0.1–2.2) | - | Canada | [25] |
Uncarboxylated VKDP | Target Tissue | Subjects | Relationship to VK Status | Reference (Year) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIVKA-II | Liver | Adult men and women | Negative correlation with serum VK1 levels | Sokoll et al. (1996) | [26] |
Elderly women | Increased by VK intake restriction; decreased by VK1 supplementation (86 μg/day) | Booth et al. (2003) | [27] | ||
Adult patients with chronic kidney disease (stages 3–5) | Negative correlation with VK intake | Holden et al. (2010) | [23] | ||
Elderly men and women | Negative correlation with VK intake | Kuwabara et al. (2011) | [28] | ||
Adolescent boys and girls | Negative correlation with VK intake; required intake levels were at least 62 μg/day for boys and at least 54 μg/day for girls (approximately 1 μg/day/kg body weight) | Tsugawa et al. (2012) | [29] | ||
Dialysis patients aged >18 years | Decreased by MK-7 supplementation | Westenfeld et al. (2012). | [30] | ||
ucOC | Bone | Young and elderly men and women | Negative correlation with serum VK1 levels | Sokoll et al. (1996) | [26] |
Young and elderly men and women | Negative correlation with serum K1 levels; decreased by VK1 supplementation | Binkley et al. (2000) | [20] | ||
Healthy adults | Decreased by VK1 supplementation | Binkley et al. (2002) | [18] | ||
Elderly women | Increased by VK intake restriction; decreased by VK1 supplementation | Booth et al. (2003) | [27] | ||
Elderly women | Negative correlation with serum VK levels | Tsugawa et al. (2006) | [15] | ||
Young adult men and women | Positive correlation between cOC-to-ucOC ratio and VK1 (MK-7) supplementation | Schurgers et al. (2007) | [31] | ||
Elderly men and women | Negative correlation between VK intake and OCR | Kuwabara et al. (2011) | [28] | ||
Dialysis patients aged >18 years | Decreased by MK-7 supplementation | Westenfeld et al. (2012). | [30] | ||
Adolescent boys and girls | Negative correlation with VK intake; required VK intake levels were 155–188 μg/day | Tsugawa et al. (2012) | [29] | ||
t-ucMGP | Blood vessels | Men and women in their 50s with hypertension | Positive correlation with OCR | Rennenberg et al. (2010) | [32] |
Elderly women | Negative correlation with serum K1 level; decreased by taking menatetrenone (MK-4); increased by taking warfarin | Tsugawa et al. (2014) | [33] | ||
dp-ucMGP | Blood vessels | Adults | Decreased by VK intake; increased by taking warfarin | Schurgers et al. (2008) | [34] |
Elderly men and women | Negative correlation with VK intake and serum PK levels; positive correlation with PIVKA-II levels and %ucOC | Shea et al. (2011) | [35] | ||
Dialysis patients aged >18 years | Decreased by MK-7 supplementation | Westenfeld et al. (2012). | [30] | ||
Elderly women | Positive correlation with OCR (no correlation between OCR and dp-cMGP or t-ucMGP) | Dalmeijer et al. (2013) | [36] |
Quartile by Osteocalcin Level | Observation Period (Person-Years) | Number of Incident DM Cases | Incident Rate (per 1000 Person-Years) | Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p vs. Q4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q4 | 3293 | 4 | 1.2 | 1.00 (reference) | |
Q3 | 3183 | 13 | 4.1 | 2.25 (1.15–11.6) | <0.05 |
Q2 | 3324 | 14 | 4.2 | 3.58 (1.28–12.6) | <0.01 |
Q1 | 3121 | 30 | 9.6 | 8.05 (3.17–27.1) | <0.01 |
Item | HR | 95% CI | P |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 1.049 | 1.003–1.096 | 0.037 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 1.078 | 0.974–1.193 | 0.149 |
Osteocalcin, <6.1 ng/mL | 2.481 | 1.274–4.833 | 0.008 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 1.001 | 0.998–1.004 | 0.376 |
NTX, nmol /nmolCr | 0.999 | 0.983–1.015 | 0.911 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL, | 1.227 | 0.285–5.287 | 0.784 |
Adiponectin/leptin ratio | 0.803 | 0.644–1.000 | 0.050 |
HbA1c, % | 2.518 | 1.858–3.414 | <0.0001 |
L2-4BMD, g/cm2 | 1.497 | 0.306–7.330 | 0.619 |
Phosphate, mg/dL | 1.908 | 0.910–4.003 | 0.087 |
Homocysteine, nmol/mL | 1.017 | 0.918–1.127 | 0.745 |
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Tsugawa, N.; Shiraki, M. Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071909
Tsugawa N, Shiraki M. Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health. Nutrients. 2020; 12(7):1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071909
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsugawa, Naoko, and Masataka Shiraki. 2020. "Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health" Nutrients 12, no. 7: 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071909